MRI-Measured Pancreatic Fat Correlates with Increased Arterial Stiffness in Patients Who are Overweight and Obese

Figures & data

Table 1 Characteristics of Study Participants with and without NAFPD

Variables	Non-NAFPD (n = 32)	NAFPD (n = 96)	P
Age (years)	29.88±6.24	33.44±7.74	0.022
Male (n, %)	8 (25.0%)	51 (53.1%)	0.006
DM (n, %)	2 (6.3%)	19 (19.8%)	0.073
Currently smoking (n, %)	2 (6.3%)	25 (26.0%)	0.027
BMI (kg/m^2)	30.73±4.12	32.68±4.55	0.035
WC (cm)	95.63±11.34	103.99±11.62	<0.001
WHtR	0.58±0.06	0.62±0.07	0.008
SBP (mmHg)	122.53±11.30	123.73±9.62	0.559
DBP (mmHg)	72.44±8.14	74.09±7.51	0.293
TG (mmol/L)	1.43 (1.00,2.89)	1.89 (1.39,2.43)	0.122
TC (mmol/L)	4.92 (4.57,5.79)	5.11 (4.46,5.71)	0.834
LDL-C (mmol/L)	2.87 (2.42,3.38)	3.01 (2.54,3.52)	0.425
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.11 (0.92,1.33)	1.05 (0.94,1.17)	0.162
TG/HDL-C	1.45(0.69,3.08)	1.80(1.19,2.52)	0.112
ALT (U/L)	21.45(16.68,43.05)	36.95(22.15,57.13)	0.018
AST (U/L)	20.00(18.00,28.00)	25.5(19.00,38.00)	0.045
FBG (mmol/L)	5.27 (4.80,5.79)	5.37 (4.89,6.59)	0.198
HbA1c (%)	5.33 (5.10,5.68)	5.60 (5.30,6.21)	0.006
HOMA-IR	4.39(3.13, 7.02)	5.21(3.53,7.87)	0.235
BaPWV (cm/s)	1109.50 (1032.37, 1167.79)	1159.68 (1087.00, 1249.62)	0.032

Abbreviations: NAFPD, non-alcoholic fatty pancreas disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; WHtR, waist-to-height ratio; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TG, triacylglycerol; TC, total cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; HOMA-IR, Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance; baPWV, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity.

Table 2 Characteristics of Study Participants According to baPWV

Variables	L-baPWV (n=61)	H-baPWV (n=67)	P
Age (years)	30.07±6.21	34.81±8.13	<0.001
Male (n, %)	24 (39.3%)	35 (52.2%)	0.114
DM (n, %)	4 (6.6%)	17 (25.4%)	0.004
Current smoking (n, %)	8 (13.1%)	19 (28.4%)	0.035
BMI (kg/m^2)	32.55±5.03	31.85±3.99	0.385
WC (cm)	101.34±14.09	102.42±9.97	0.622
WHtR	0.60±0.07	0.61±0.07	0.576
SBP (mmHg)	120.77±10.65	125.86±8.84	0.004
DBP (mmHg)	70.95±7.22	76.16±7.26	<0.001
TG (mmol/L)	1.55 (1.09,2.24)	2.01 (1.55,2.81)	0.008
TC (mmol/L)	4.88 (4.52,5.48)	5.15 (4.47,6.16)	0.120
LDL-C (mmol/L)	3.06 (2.46,3.48)	2.90 (2.54,3.60)	0.762
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.09 (0.96,1.23)	1.03 (0.93,1.19)	0.296
TG/HDL-C	1.44(0.98,2.19)	2.04(1.20,3.14)	0.009
ALT (U/L)	28.80(18.45,46.50)	40.00(20.00,60.70)	0.068
AST (U/L)	21.00(18.00,28.50)	28.20(18.00,44.00)	0.019
FBG (mmol/L)	5.04 (4.78,5.46)	5.75 (5.01,6.92)	<0.001
HbA1c (%)	5.40 (5.20,5.70)	5.70 (5.30,6.70)	0.010
HOMA-IR	4.86(3.23,7.18)	5.15(3.59, 8.00)	0.170
PFF (%)	12.43 (8.64,15.74)	14.76 (11,85,17.52)	0.003

Abbreviations: baPWV, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; DM, diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; WHtR, waist-to-height ratio; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TG, triacylglycerol; TC, total cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; HOMA-IR, Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance; PFF, pancreatic fat fraction.

Table 3 Univariate Correlation Coefficients of baPWV

	r	P
Age (years)	0.317	<0.001
BMI (kg/m^2)	−0136	0.126
SBP (mmHg)	0.239	0.007
DBP (mmHg)	0.302	<0.001
TG (mmol/L)	0.161	0.07
TC (mmol/L)	0.163	0.06
HDL-C (mmol/L)	0.031	0.729
LDL-C (mmol/L)	0.056	0.527
TG/HDL-C	0.140	0.114
ALT (U/L)	0.099	0.268
AST (U/L)	0.137	0.124
FBG (mmol/L)	0.225	0.011
HbA1c (%)	0.194	0.029
HOMA-IR	0.056	0.528

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TG, triacylglycerol; TC, total cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; HOMA-IR, Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance.

Figure 1 (A) Incidence of NAFPD according to baPWV groups; (B) Association of baPWV with the presence of NAFPD.

Table 4 Unadjusted and Adjusted Odds Ratios (ORs) of baPWV by NAFPD

NAFPD	OR (95% CI)	P
Unadjusted	3.22 (1.38–7.53)	0.007
Age-adjusted	2.63 (1.09–6.37)	0.032
Model 1	3.02 (1.13–8.06)	0.027
Model 2	3.26(1.13–9.42)	0.029
Model 3	3.17(1.05–9.58)	0.041

Notes: Model 1: Further adjustment for BMI, SBP, DBP, and smoking on the basis of adjustment for age. Model 2: Adjustment for FBG, HbA1c, and HOMA-IR on the basis of Model 1. Model 3: Adjustment of TG, LDL, ALT, and AST on the basis of Model 2.

Abbreviations: baPWV, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; NAPFD, non-alcoholic fatty pancreas disease; CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; HOMA-IR, Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance; TG, triacylglycerol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase.

Data Sharing Statement

All Data has been provided in the manuscript and no further Data will be shared.