Pioglitazone improves the cardio-ankle vascular index in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with metformin

Figures & data

Table 1 Comparisons of baseline characteristics in the two groups

	Pioglitazone group	Glimepiride group	P value
No of subjects (male/female)	30 (19/11)	30 (15/15)	NS
Age (years)	63.70±7.94	62.23±12.26	NS
BW (kg)	61.84±16.96	63.70±15.85	NS
BM1 (kg/m^2)	23.61±4.06	24.49±4.54	NS
SBP (mmHg)	146.87±14.91	140.50±14.84	NS
DBP (mmHg)	85.87±9.60	85.17±11.28	NS
FBG (mg/dL)	221.23±80.68	218.27±77.60	NS
HbA1c (%)	8.54±1.06	8.64±1.34	NS
TC (mg/dL)	199.30±36.97	202.00±32.73	NS
TG (mg/dL)	177.67±102.47	163.63±89.52	NS
HDL-C (mg/dL)	49.60±12.43	50.30±12.79	NS
LDL-C (mg/dL)	117.90±32.81	120.77±31.32	NS
Preheparin LPL mass (ng/mL)	50.21±17.53	48.29±18.00	NS
Adiponectin (ng/mL)	7.32±5.48	8.40±6.08	NS
MDA-LDL (U/L)	104.93±74.59	96.10±27.58	NS
Urinary albumin (mg/g Cr)	386.81±849.71	131.50±281.65	NS
LDL–Rm ratio	0.3483±0.033	0.3420±0.033	NS
CAVI	9.59±0.88	9.32±144	NS

Note: Data are presented as mean ± SD.

Abbreviations: BW, body weight; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HbA_1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol; preheparin LPL mass, lipoprotein lipase in preheparin serum; MDA-LDL, malondialdehyde-modified low-density lypoprotein (LDL); LDL-Rm ratio, relative motility ratio of LDL on electrophoresis; CAVI, Cardio-Ankle Vascular Index; NS, not significant.

Table 2 Comparisons of the differentiation of each clinical parameter after 6 months in the two groups

	Change from baseline		P value
	Pioglitazone group	Glimepiride group
ΔBW (kg)	+1.98±2.34	+0.37±1.86	0.0022
ΔBMI (kg/m^2)	+0.77±0.89	+0.14±4.54	0.0022
ΔSBP (mmHg)	−0.87±11.52	−0.27±11.33	0.8709
ΔDBP (mmHg)	−3.23±6.82	−1.27±8.11	0.2913
ΔFBG (mg/dL)	−59.13±85.89	−28.03±61.53	0.0287
ΔHbA1c (%)	−0.82±1.07	−0.44±1.23	0.1997
ΔTC (mg/dL)	+2.97±30.28	+2.47±18.12	0.9553
ΔTG (mg/dL)	−7.17±81.44	−2.43±75.00	0.7067
ΔHDL-C (mg/dL)	+3.30±6.19	+0.00±6.42	0.1148
ΔLDL-C (mg/dL)	−1.53±22.51	+4.30±12.97	0.1568
Δpreheparin LPL mass (ng/mL)	+13.00±15.43	+7.60±l3.77	0.0563
Δadiponectin (ng/mL)	+6.43±4.89	−0.09±3.04	<0.0001
ΔMDA-LDL (U/L)	−0.08±0.27	−0.43±31.61	0.8445
Δurinary albumin (mg/g Cr)	−20.58±233.23	+51.69±351.71	0.4578
ΔLDL–Rm ratio	−0.0113±0.0300	+0.0023±0.0281	0.0608

Notes: Data are presented as mean ± SD. Δ means the difference between the value at baseline and the value after 6 months. Abbreviations are as in Table 1.

Figure 1 (A) Changes in cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) before and after 6 months of pioglitazone therapy. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean **P<0.01 versus 0 month, paired t-test. (B) Changes in CAVI before and after 6 months of glimepiride therapy. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean. (C) Changes in CAVI after 6 months of pioglitazone or glimepiride therapy. The closed bar denotes the pioglitazone group and the open bar denotes the glimepiride group. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean. Δ indicates the difference between the value at baseline and the value after 6 months. *P<0.05 versus glimepiride group, unpaired t-test.

Table 3 Correlation between change in CAVI and changes in various parameters after 6 months in all subjects

	Correlation coefficient (r)	P value
ΔBW	−0.2993	0.0202
ΔBMI	−0.2993	0.0202
ΔSBP	0.2299	0.0773
ΔDBP	0.1754	0.1800
ΔFBG	−0.0231	0.8608
ΔHbA1c	−0.0980	0.4562
ΔTC	0.0710	0.5899
ΔTG	0.0542	0.6807
ΔHDL-C	−0.1828	0.1622
ΔLDL-C	−0.2074	0.1118
Δpreheparin LPL mass	−0.0761	0.5631
Δadiponectin	−0.3503	0.0061
ΔMDA-LDL	0.0896	0.4958
Δurinary albumin	−0.2052	0.1158
ΔLDL–Rm ratio	0.4053	0.0013

Notes: Correlation coefficient was calculated for change in CAVI ratio vs, change in each parameter. Δ means the difference between the value at baseline and the value after 6 months. Abbreviations are as in Table 1.