Level of sustained glycemic control and associated factors among patients with diabetes mellitus in Ethiopia: a hospital-based cross-sectional study

Figures & data

Table 1 Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the study population by type of diabetes attending diabetic follow-up clinic in Gondar Referral Hospital, Ethiopia, 2013

Variable	n (%)	Type 1 person with diabetes, n (%)	Type 2 person with diabetes, n (%)
Age in years
≤24	29 (7.4)	27 (93.1)	2 (6.9)
25–44	98 (25.1)	59 (60.2)	39 (39.8)
45–64	191 (48.9)	20 (10.5)	171 (89.5)
≥65	73 (18.7)	5 (6.9)	68 (93.2)
Sex
Female	207 (52.9)	40 (19.3)	167 (80.7)
Male	184 (47.1)	71 (38.6)	113 (61.4)
Residence
Rural	44 (11.2)	33 (75)	11 (25)
Urban	347 (88.8)	78 (22.5)	269 (77.5)
Religion
Orthodox	332 (84.9)	101 (30.4)	231 (69.6)
Muslim	54 (13.8)	9 (16.7)	45 (83.3)
Other	5 (1.3)	1 (20)	4 (80)
Family size
≤4	165 (42.2)	54 (32.7)	111 (67.3)
5–8	193 (49.4)	53 (27.5)	140 (72.5)
≥9	33 (8.4)	4 (12.1)	29 (87.9)
Duration of diabetes
<7 years	204 (52.6)	54 (26.5)	150 (73.5)
≥7 years	184 (47.4)	56 (30.4)	128 (69.6)
Triglyceride
Normal (<200)	240 (61.4)	92 (38.3)	148 (61.7)
High (200–499)	145 (37.1)	16 (11)	129 (88.9)
Very high (≥500)	6 (1.5)	3 (50)	3 (50)
Total cholesterol
Normal (≤250)	373 (95.4)	110 (29.5)	263 (70.5)
High (≥251)	18 (4.6)	1 (5.6)	17 (94.5)
Wealth index
Poor	135 (34.5)	76 (56.3)	59 (43.7)
Medium	118 (30.2)	22 (18.6)	96 (81.4)
Rich	138 (35.3)	13 (9.4)	125 (90.6)
Medication adherence
Low	99 (25.4)	31 (31.3)	68 (68.7)
Medium	112 (28.7)	33 (29.5)	79 (70.5)
High adherence	179 (45.9)	47 (26.3)	132 (73.4)
Waist circumference (WC)
Low risk	144 (36.9)	81 (56.2)	63 (43.8)
Increased risk	99 (25.4)	14 (14.1)	85 (85.9)
High risk	147 (37.7)	16 (10.9)	131 (89.1)
Insulin therapy
No	192 (49.1)	3 (1.6)	189 (98.4)
Yes	199 (50.9)	108 (54.3)	91 (45.7)

Table 2 Multivariate analysis of factors associated with poor glycemic control among persons with type of diabetes in Gondar Referral Hospital of Gondar, North West Ethiopia (2013)

Variable	n	Poor glycemic control cases, n (%)	Adjusted OR [95% CI]
			Type 1 diabetes	Type 2 diabetes
Age in years
≤24	29	25 (86.2)	1	1
25–44	97	76 (78.4)	1.13 [0.15, 8.32]	0.74 [0.02, 25.8]
45–64	188	119 (63.3)	0.63 [0.05, 8.22]	0.89 [0.03, 27.9]
≥65	73	32 (43.8)	0.28 [0.01, 5.96]	0.39 [0.01, 12.9]
Wealth index
Poor	135	106 (78.5)	1	1
Medium	118	61 (51.7)	0.53 [0.07, 3.91]	0.54 [0.24, 1.23]
Rich	138	86 (62.3)	0.63 [0.06, 6.81]	0.87 [0.39, 1.94]
Medication adherence
Adherence	179	98 (54.8)	1	1
Nonadherence	211	154 (73.0)	2.1 [0.48, 9.29]	3.19 [1.76, 5.80]
Duration of diabetes
<7 years	230	133 (57.8)	1	1
≥7 years	158	118 (74.7)	2.71 [0.49, 14.9]	1.59 [0.82, 3.10]
Waist circumference
Low risk	144	112 (77.8)	1	1
Increased risk	99	60 (60.6)	0.60 [0.06, 6.13]	1.13 [0.50, 2.54]
High risk	147	80 (54.4)	0.05 [0.01, 0.85]	0.64 [0.28, 1.46]
Insulin therapy
No	192	99 (51.6)	1	1
Yes	199	154 (77.4)	0.72 [0.01, 56.6]	2.51 [1.25, 5.04]
Sex
Male	184	125 (67.9)	1	1
Female	207	128 (61.8)	1.39 [0.21, 9.16]	1.70 [0.87, 3.29]
Residence
Urban	347	215 (61.9)	1	1
Rural	44	38 (86.4)	0.45 [0.06, 3.30]	1.03 [0.19, 5.16]
Moderately physically active
Yes	256	174 (67.9)	1	1
No	129	75 (58.1)	2.74 [0.39, 19.12]	1.16 [0.64, 2.11]
Cigarette smoking
No	382	245 (64.1)	1	–
Yes	9	8 (88.9)	1.46 [0.001, 225]	–
Hypertension
No	211	155 (73.5)	1	1
Yes	180	98 (54.4)	5.89 [0.88, 39.5]	1.02 [0.55, 1.92]
Follow-up visit in the last 6 months
No visit	19	11 (57.9)	1	1
2–3	315	167 (53.0)	4.58 [0.16, 125]	0.38 [0.09, 1.44]
More than	45	27 (60.0)	18.9 [0.23, 1,574]	0.13 [0.03, 0.59]
Dyslipidemia
No	322	75 (23.3)	–	1
Yes	69	41 (59.4)	–	1.64 [0.49, 5.51]

Table 3 Univariate analyses of factors associated with poor glycemic control using the mean HbA_1c among patients with DM at Gondar Referral Hospital, Ethiopia (2013)

Variable	n (%)	Mean (Std Err)	95% CI	P-value
Age in years
≤24	29 (7.4)	9.4 (0.44)	[8.54, 10.26]
25–44	97 (24.8)	8.4 (0.21)	[7.99, 8.81]	P<0.001
45–64	190 (48.6)	7.6 (0.12)	[7.36, 7.82]
≥65	73 (18.7)	7 (0.18)	[6.65, 7.35]
Sex
Female	207 (52.9)	7.58 (0.12)	[7.35, 7.82]	P=0.010
Male	184 (47.1)	8.08 (0.15)	[7.78, 8.38]
Type of diabetes
Type 1	111 (28.4)	8.66 (0.20)	[8.26, 9.07]	P<0.001
Type 2	280 (71.6)	7.48 (0.10)	[7.29, 7.68]
Duration of diabetes
<7 years	230 (59.3)	7.68 (0.14)	[7.41, 7.96]	P=0.136
≥7 years	158 (40.7)	7.97 (0.13)	[7.71, 8.23]

Abbreviations: DM, diabetes mellitus; Std Err, standard error; HbA_1c, glycosylated hemoglobin level; CI, confidence interval.

Figure 1 Proportion of glycemic control by residence and sex among person with diabetes, with 95% CI error bar at Gondar Referral Hospital, North West Ethiopia in 2013.