Daily intake of rosehip extract decreases abdominal visceral fat in preobese subjects: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial

Figures & data

Table 1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria for the selection of study participants

Inclusion criteria

BMI: ≥ 25.0 kg/m^2, and <30.0 kg/m^2

Sufficient understanding of the study purpose and methods, and predicted adverse reactions

Voluntarily agreed to participate in the study in writing

Exclusion criteria

History of drug allergy

Excessive smoking habit, alcohol addiction, and markedly irregular eating habits

Significant impediment of liver function or renal function

Surgical history of the gastrointestinal tract region including gastric resection, gastro-enterorrhaphy, and intestinal resection

Donated 400 mL blood within 12 weeks before the intake of the test food, 200 mL blood within 4 weeks before the intake of the test food, or donated blood components (donation of plasma components and thrombocyte components) within 2 weeks before the intake of the test food

Works until late in the evening and irregular shift workers

Pregnant women or women who are nursing or planning for pregnancy within 6 months

Judged as ineligible to participate in the study by an investigator

Abbreviation: BMI, body mass index.

Figure 1 Flow diagram through the phases of the study.

Table 2 Composition and nutritional content of test foods

	Serving size: 1 tablet (1,500 mg)
	Placebo	Rosehip
Composition
Rosehip extract (mg)	0.0	100.0
Maltitol (mg)	933.0	833.0
Dextrin (mg)	150.0	150.0
Crystalline cellulose (mg)	135.0	135.0
Citric acid (mg)	100.0	100.0
Lemon juice (mg)	50.0	50.0
Lemon flavoring (mg)	30.0	30.0
Others (mg)	102.0	102.0
Nutritional content
Energy (kcal)	4.35	4.55
Protein (g)	0.002	0.002
Carbohydrate (g)	1.361	1.353
Fat (g)	0.077	0.081

Table 3 Characteristics of the subjects at baseline

	Placebo group (n=16)	Rosehip group (n=16)
Age (year)	50.6±13.7	50.1±9.2
Height (cm)	161.51±7.84	161.81±7.62
Body weight (kg)	70.01±8.36	70.31±6.19
Body fat percent (%)	31.34±4.93	30.56±6.96
BMI (kg/m^2)	26.78±1.53	26.84±1.37
Abdominal fat area (cm^2)
Total	305.35±59.45	286.61±44.46
Subcutaneous	200.39±61.95	197.94±56.45
Visceral	104.96±34.24	88.67±36.96
SBP (mm-Hg)	132.28±17.75	137.03±20.08
DBP (mm-Hg)	80.84±9.89	83.91±14.29
FBS (mg/dL)	88.7±10.7	83.9±7.7
Cho (mg/dL)
Total-Cho	205.1±25.7	210.1±25.7
HDL-Cho	60.3±11.6	55.8±9.2
LDL-Cho	126.8±23.6	137.4±21.8

Notes: Values represent the mean ± SD. There were no significant differences between the groups.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; Cho, cholesterol; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FBS, fasting blood sugar; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SD, standard deviation.

Table 4 Changes in energy intake and energy consumption after the daily intake of placebo or rosehip

	Group	W0	W8	W12
Energy intake (kcal)	Placebo	2,098.78±480.92	1,920.00±499.58	1,953.31±409.77
	Rosehip	1,954.73±386.26	1,881.11±458.54	1,856.84±354.58
Energy consumption (kcal)	Placebo	1,480.57±188.14	1,516.07±199.13	1,497.07±209.55
	Rosehip	1,501.12±152.12	1,490.68±175.76	1,498.37±155.34

Notes: Values represent the mean ± SD. There were no significant differences between the groups. Energy intake was calculated based on the meal survey slips. Energy consumption was calculated by multiplying kinetic energy (the walking time calculated from the number of steps), body weight, and coefficient (1.05).

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; W0, start of the intake; W8, 8th week; W12, 12th week.

Table 5 Changes in physical assessment parameters after the daily intake of placebo or rosehip

	Group	W0	W4	W8	W12
Body weight (kg)	Placebo	70.01±8.36	70.75±8.01^# (0.74±1.05^#)	70.50±7.82 (0.49±1.11)	69.75±8.30 (−0.26±1.34)
	Rosehip	70.31±6.19	70.33±6.25 (0.01±0.83*)	69.71±6.43 (−0.60±1.21*)	68.91±6.51^## (−1.40±1.52^*,##)
Body fat percentage (%)	Placebo	31.34±4.93	31.15±5.15 (−0.19±1.65)	30.92±5.28 (−0.42±2.00)	31.08±5.40 (−0.26±1.54)
	Rosehip	30.56±6.96	30.48±6.86 (−0.08±1.68)	30.29±7.17 (−0.28±2.44)	29.56±6.16 (−1.00±1.88)
BMI (kg/m^2)	Placebo	26.78±1.53	27.06±1.38^# (0.28±0.41^#)	26.97±1.36 (0.19±0.42)	26.68±1.55 (−0.10±0.51)
	Rosehip	26.84±1.37	26.84±1.39 (0.01±0.32*)	26.62±1.45 (−0.22±0.47*)	26.30±1.52^## (−0.54±0.59^*,##)
Abdominal total fat area (cm^2)	Placebo	305.35±59.45	Not measured	304.15±60.79 (−1.20±11.84)	307.44±60.73 (2.09±15.51)
	Rosehip	286.61±44.46	Not measured	279.73±51.68 (−6.88±17.85)	268.13±55.78^## (−18.48±23.02^**,##)
Abdominal subcutaneous fat area (cm^2)	Placebo	200.39±61.95	Not measured	199.52±61.30 (−0.87±8.99)	203.64±62.25 (3.24±13.42)
	Rosehip	197.94±56.45	Not measured	197.05±57.65 (−0.89±15.76)	188.72±53.72 (−9.23±17.70*)
Abdominal visceral fat area (cm^2)	Placebo	104.96±34.24	Not measured	104.63±37.64 (−0.33±10.05)	103.81±32.21 (−1.15±10.15)
	Rosehip	88.67±36.96	Not measured	82.68±37.05^## (−5.99±5.55^##)	79.41±34.92^*,## (−9.26±10.72^*,##)
SBP (mm Hg)	Placebo	132.28±17.75	129.63±16.48	131.66±18.04	129.53±17.31
	Rosehip	137.03±20.08	129.25±17.05^#	132.44±15.54	133.28±13.03
DBP (mm Hg)	Placebo	80.84±9.89	78.69±11.14	79.69±11.09	78.88±12.39
	Rosehip	83.91±14.29	80.72±12.29	81.09±12.89	82.53±11.18
HR (bpm)	Placebo	66.25±8.64	67.69±9.86	68.03±10.64	67.75±10.43
	Rosehip	65.03±9.23	67.50±11.54	66.34±9.43	65.38±7.66

Notes: Values represent the mean ± SD. Figures in parentheses represent the changes from W0 for each group. There were significant differences between the groups according to the Student’s t-test or Welch’s t-test (*P<0.05; **P<0.01). In addition, there were significant differences from the W0 for each group according to the paired t-test (^#P<0.05; ^##P<0.01).

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HR, heart rate; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SD, standard deviation; W0, start of the intake; W4, 4th week; W8, 8th week; W12, 12th week.

Table 6 Changes in blood biochemical parameters after the daily intake of placebo or rosehip

	Standard range	Group	W0	W8	W12
TP (g/dL)	6.5–8.2	Placebo	7.19±0.25	7.29±0.33	7.23±0.24
		Rosehip	7.18±0.31	7.31±0.36^#	7.19±0.33
Albumin (g/dL)	3.7–5.5	Placebo	4.26±0.24	4.24±0.28	4.19±0.31
		Rosehip	4.34±0.17	4.26±0.17	4.26±0.19
A/G ratio	1.30–2.00	Placebo	1.464±0.161	1.407±0.198^#	1.389±0.189^##
		Rosehip	1.551±0.232	1.426±0.218^##	1.478±0.217^##
AST (U/L)	10–40	Placebo	20.6±3.9	20.6±5.0	20.4±4.8
		Rosehip	20.4±4.0	21.3±5.3	21.2±4.6
ALT (U/L)	5–45	Placebo	21.1±10.0	21.1±11.0	21.3±13.5
		Rosehip	22.8±8.2	22.2±9.2	23.6±9.9
γ-GTP (U/L)	M: 79	Placebo	39.4±21.9	39.7±23.9	39.1±24.0
	F: 48	Rosehip	28.9±27.7	25.6±17.6	24.4±16.0
FBS (mg/dL)	70–109	Placebo	88.7±10.7	87.3±9.5	88.9±7.9
		Rosehip	83.9±7.7	87.4±8.2^##	86.5±8.5
Total-Cho (mg/dL)	150–219	Placebo	205.1±25.7	205.2±24.7	207.8±26.7
		Rosehip	210.1±25.7	209.6±25.7	213.1±30.9
HDL-Cho (mg/dL)	M: 40–80	Placebo	60.3±11.6	57.3±11.0	62.4±12.2
	F: 40–90	Rosehip	55.8±9.2	56.8±9.8	58.6±10.2^##
LDL-Cho (mg/dL)	70–139	Placebo	126.8±23.6	127.1±22.3	128.4±26.1
		Rosehip	137.4±21.8	132.8±21.7	136.4±27.2
TG (mg/dL)	50–149	Placebo	100.9±36.8	106.3±31.9	101.1±32.1
		Rosehip	94.9±39.2	101.7±38.8	98.4±38.1
Uric acid (mg/dL)	M: 3.6–7.0	Placebo	5.26±1.11	5.01±1.02	5.18±0.92
	F: 2.7–7.0	Rosehip	5.21±1.12	5.05±0.99	5.09±1.20
Urea nitrogen (mg/dL)	8–20	Placebo	13.44±2.53	12.88±2.40	14.26±3.77
		Rosehip	14.59±2.77	14.40±3.64	14.31±3.76
Creatinine (mg/dL)	M: 0.65–1.09	Placebo	0.693±0.120	0.668±0.133	0.674±0.102
	F: 0.46–0.82	Rosehip	0.649±0.158	0.649±0.139	0.649±0.155
Na (mEq/L)	135–145	Placebo	140.0±1.0	139.8±1.0	140.1±1.6
		Rosehip	140.7±1.1	140.7±1.0*	140.8±1.2
K (mEq/L)	3.5–5.0	Placebo	4.23±0.22	4.13±0.32	4.16±0.35
		Rosehip	4.12±0.36	4.16±0.29	4.09±0.21
Cl (mEq/L)	98–108	Placebo	102.6±1.6	101.7±1.7^#	102.5±2.0
		Rosehip	103.4±1.9	102.6±2.4	103.1±1.7
Ca (mg/dL)	8.2–10.0	Placebo	9.08±0.38	8.79±0.45^##	8.84±0.33^##
		Rosehip	9.09±0.36	8.89±0.34^#	8.88±0.27^##

Notes: Values represent the mean ± SD. There was significant difference between the groups according to the Student’s t-test (*P<0.05). There were significant differences from W0 for each group according to the paired t-test (^#P<0.05; ^##P<0.01).

Abbreviations: A/G, albumin/globulin; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; Cho, cholesterol; F, female; FBS, fasting blood sugar; γ-GTP, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; M, male; SD, standard deviation; TG, triglyceride; TP, total protein; W0, start of the intake; W8, 8th week; W12, 12th week.

Table 7 Changes in hematological parameters after the daily intake of placebo or rosehip

	Standard range	Group	W0	W8	W12
WBC (/μL)	3,500–9,700	Placebo	5,488±1,178	5,939±1,255	6,035±1,593
		Rosehip	5,831±1,940	5,443±1,664	5,411±1,416
RBC (×10^4/μL)	M: 438–577	Placebo	486.4±28.8	488.1±27.3	484.9±27.2
	F: 376–516	Rosehip	476.2±32.6	476.4±31.0	478.4±32.0
Hb (g/dL)	M: 13.6–18.3	Placebo	14.76±1.13	14.79±1.25	14.66±1.11
	F: 11.2–15.2	Rosehip	14.45±1.14	14.47±1.12	14.38±1.15
Ht (%)	M: 40.4–51.9	Placebo	44.88±3.11	45.19±3.10	44.31±2.74^#
	F: 343–452	Rosehip	43.87±2.73	44.02±2.72	43.79±2.90
Plt (×10^4/μL)	14.0–37.9	Placebo	23.90±5.28	25.18±6.76	24.45±5.67
		Rosehip	23.23±5.34	25.33±6.19^##	23.53±4.87

Notes: Values represent the mean ± SD. There were significant differences from W0 for each group according to the paired t-test (^#P<0.05; ^##P<0.01).

Abbreviations: F, female; Hb, hemoglobin; Ht, hematocrit; M, male; Plt, platelets; RBC, red blood cells; SD, standard deviation; WBC, white blood cells; W0, start of the intake; W8, 8th week; W12, 12th week.

Table 8 Changes in urinalysis parameters after the daily intake of placebo or rosehip

	Standardrange	Group	W0					W8					W12
			−	±	+			−	±	+			−	±	+
Urine protein	(−)–(±)	Placebo	15	0	1			14	1	1			14	1	1
		Rosehip	15	0	1			16	0	0			16	0	0
Urine glucose	(−)–(±)	Placebo	16	0	0			16	0	0			16	0	0
		Rosehip	16	0	0			16	0	0			16	0	0
Urobilinogen	(±)	Placebo	0	15	1			0	16	0			0	16	0
		Rosehip	0	16	0			0	16	0			0	16	0
Bilirubin	(−)	Placebo	16	0	0			16	0	0			16	0	0
		Rosehip	16	0	0			16	0	0			16	0	0
Ketone body	(−)	Placebo	16	0	0			16	0	0			16	0	0
		Rosehip	16	0	0			16	0	0			16	0	0
			−	±	+	2+	3+	−	±	+	2+	3+	−	±	+	2+	3+
Occult blood	(−)	Placebo	14	1	0	0	1	14	1	0	0	1	14	1	0	0	1
		Rosehip	15	0	0	0	1	15	1	0	0	0	13	1	1	1	0
Specific gravity	1.008–1.034	Placebo	1.0161	±0.0078				1.0159±	0.0086				1.0149	±0.0088
		Rosehip	1.0159	±0.0063				1.0171±	0.0076				1.0171	±0.0062
pH	4.8–7.5	Placebo	6.13±0.89					6.34±0.94					5.91±0.71
		Rosehip	6.13±0.72					6.41±0.93					6.28±0.88

Notes: Urine protein, urine glucose, urobilinogen, bilirubin, ketone body, and occult blood: Values indicate the numbers of subjects. The symbols indicate the degree of each item: −, negative; ±, false-positive; +, positive (mild); 2+, positive (moderate); 3+, positive (serious). Specific gravity, pH: values represent the mean ± SD. There were no significant differences between the groups.

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; W0, start of the intake; W8, 8th week; W12, 12th week.