Diabetes mellitus and risk factors in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals at Jimma University Specialized Hospital, Southwest Ethiopia

Figures & data

Table 1 Sociodemographic factors versus DM in HIV-infected individuals (n=393) at JUSH, Southwest Ethiopia, 2014

Variables	Glucose result: number (%)		Total, number (%)	P-value of χ^2 test
	Normal	DM
Age (years)
<40	270 (96.4)	10 (3.6)	280 (71.2)	0.001
≥40	98 (86.7)	15 (13.3)	113 (28.8)
Sex
Male	122 (93.8)	8 (6.2)	130 (33.1)	0.906
Female	246 (93.5)	17 (6.5)	263 (66.9)
Occupation
Farmer	37 (100)	0	37 (9.4)
Merchant	78 (88.6)	10 (11.4)	88 (22.4)
Employed	175 (94.1)	11 (5.9)	186 (47.3)
Unemployed	78 (95.1)	4 (4.9)	82 (20.9)
Residence
Urban	326 (93.7)	22 (6.3)	348 (88.5)
Rural	42 (93.3)	3 (6.7)	45 (11.5)
Educational status
Literate	287 (93.2)	21 (6.8)	308 (78.4)	0.480
Illiterate	81 (95.3)	4 (4.7)	85 (21.6)
Marital status
Married	233 (95.1)	12 (4.9)	245 (62.3)
Single	50 (94.3)	3 (5.7)	53 (13.5)
Widowed	44 (89.8)	5 (10.2)	49 (12.5)
Divorced	41 (89.1)	5 (10.9)	46 (11.7)
Drug status
HAART experienced	260 (91.5)	24 (8.5)	284 (72.3)	0.006
HAART naïve	108 (99.1)	1 (0.9)	109 (27.7)

Abbreviations: DM, diabetes mellitus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; JUSH, Jimma University Specialized Hospital; HAART, highly active antiretroviral therapy.

Figure 1 Classification of serum glucose test values of HIV-infected individuals at JUSH comprehensive chronic care and training center, Southwest Ethiopia, 2014.

Abbreviations: HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; JUSH, Jimma University Specialized Hospital; IFG, impaired fasting glucose; DM, diabetes mellitus.

Table 2 Clinical factors versus DM in HIV-infected individuals (n=393) at JUSH, Southwest Ethiopia, 2014

Variables	Glucose result: number (%)		Total, number (%)	P-value of χ^2 test
	Normal	DM
Symptoms
No symptoms	302 (100)	0	302 (76.8)
All symptoms	8 (24.2)	25 (75.8)	33 (8.4)
Polydipsia or polyuria or polyphagia	58 (100)	0	58 (14.8)
Family history of DM
Yes	40 (87)	6 (13)	46 (11.7)	0.098*
No	328 (94.5)	19 (5.5)	347 (88.3)
Smoking
Never smoked	304 (93.3)	22 (6.7)	326 (83)	0.783*
Former smoker	64 (95.5)	3 (4.5)	67 (17)
Types of HAART
AZT/3TC/EFV	27 (93.1)	2 (6.9)	29 (7.4)
TDF/3TC/NVP	38 (92.7)	3 (7.3)	41 (10.4)
AZT/3TC/NVP	113 (89.7)	13 (10.3)	126 (32.1)
TDF/3TC/EFV	78 (92.9)	6 (7.1)	84 (21.4)
ABC/DDI/LPV/r/TDF + DDI + LPV/r/DDI + 3TC + LPV/r	4 (100)	0	4 (1)
HAART naïve	108 (99.1)	1 (0.9)	109 (27.7)
WHO clinical stage of HIV/AIDS
Stage 1	313 (92.9)	24 (7.1)	337 (85.8)
Stage 2	32 (100)	0	32 (8.1)
Stage 3	21 (100)	0	21 (5.3)
Stage 4	2 (66.7)	1 (33.3)	3 (0.8)
HIV duration (years)
<5	183 (96.8)	6 (3.2)	189 (48.1)	0.013
≥5	185 (90.7)	19 (9.3)	204 (51.9)
Duration of HAART (years)
<5	93 (97.90)	2 (2.1)	95 (33.5)	0.006
≥5	167 (88.4)	22 (11.6)	189 (66.5)
Hypertension
Yes	116 (85.9)	19 (14.1)	135 (34.4)	0.001
No	252 (97.70)	6 (2.3)	258 (65.6)
BMI (kg/m^2)
<18.5	77 (98.7)	1 (1.3)	78 (19.8)
18.5–25	252 (95.1)	13 (4.9)	265 (67.4)
25.1–29.9	34 (77.3)	10 (22.7)	44 (11.2)
≥30	5 (83.3)	1 (16.7)	6 (1.5)
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)
<200	248 (96.5)	9 (3.5)	257 (65.4)	0.001
≥200	120 (88.2)	16 (11.8)	136 (34.6)
Triglycerides (mg/dL)
<150	128 (96.2)	5 (3.8)	133 (33.8)	0.131
≥150	240 (92.3)	20 (7.7)	260 (66.2)
LDL-C (mg/dL)
<130	231 (97.9)	5 (2.1)	236 (60.1)	0.001
≥130	137 (87.3)	20 (12.7)	157 (39.9)
HDL-C (mg/dL)
<40	328 (92.9)	25 (7.1)	353 (89.8)	0.093*
≥40	40 (100)	0	40 (10.2)

Notes: Statistically significant at P<0.05.

* P-value of Fisher’s exact test.

Abbreviations: DM, diabetes mellitus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; JUSH, Jimma University Specialized Hospital; HAART, highly active antiretroviral therapy; WHO, World Health Organization; AIDS, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; BMI, body mass index; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; AZT, zidovudine; 3TC, Lamivudine; EFV, Efavirenz; TDF, Tenofovir; NVP, Nevirapine; ABC, Abacavir; DDI, Didanosine; LPV/r, Lopinavir/ritonavir.

Table 3 Binary logistic regression analysis of variables considered to be associated with DM in HIV-infected individuals (n=393) at JUSH Southwest Ethiopia, 2014

Variables	Glucose result: number (%)		COR	95% CI	P-value
	Normal	DM
Age (years)
<40	270 (96.4)	10 (3.6)	1		0.001
≥40	98 (86.7)	15 (13.3)	4.13	1.797–9.505
Sex
Male	122 (93.8)	8 (6.2)	1		0.906
Female	246 (93.5)	17 (6.5)	1.05	0.442–2.510
Education status
Literate	287 (93.2)	21 (6.8)	1.48	0.495–4.439	0.482
Illiterate	81 (95.3)	4 (4.7)	1
Marital status
Married	233 (95.1)	12 (4.9)	1		0.131
Single/widowed/divorced	135 (91.2)	13 (8.8)	1.87	0.829–4.215
Drug status
HAART experienced	260 (91.5)	24 (8.5)	9.97	1.332–74.621	0.025
HAART naïve	108 (99.1)	1 (0.9)	1
HIV duration (years)
<5	183 (96.8)	6 (3.2)	1		0.017
≥5	185 (90.7)	19 (9.3)	3.13	1.223–8.021
Duration of HAART (years)
≤5	93 (97.9)	2 (2.1)	1		0.016
>5	167 (88.4)	22 (11.6)	6.13	1.409–26.631
Hypertension
Yes	116 (85.9)	19 (14.1)	6.88	2.677–17.678	0.001
No	252 (97.7)	6 (2.3)	1
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)
<200	248 (96.5)	9 (3.5)	1		0.003
≥200	120 (88.2)	16 (11.8)	3.67	1.578–8.555
Triglycerides (mg/dL)
<150	128 (96.2)	5 (3.8)	1		0.139
≥150	240 (92.3)	20 (7.7)	2.13	0.782–5.818
LDL-C (mg/dL)
<130	231 (97.9)	5 (2.1)	1		0.001
≥130	137 (87.3)	20 (12.7)	6.75	2.475–18.380

Note: Statistically significant at P<0.05.

Abbreviations: DM, diabetes mellitus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; JUSH, Jimma University Specialized Hospital; COR, crude odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; HAART, highly active antiretroviral therapy; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Table 4 Multivariate logistic regression analysis of variables associated with DM in HIV-infected individuals (n=393) at JUSH comprehensive chronic care and training center, Southwest Ethiopia, 2014

Variables	Glucose result, number (%)		AOR	95% CI	P-value
	Normal	DM
Age (years)
<40	270 (96.4)	10 (3.6)	1
≥40	98 (86.7)	15 (13.3)	4.812	1.668–13.881	0.004
Duration of HAART (years)
<5	93 (97.9)	2 (2.1)	1
≥5	167 (88.4)	22 (11.6)	26.928	3.722–194.822	0.001
Hypertension
Yes	116 (85.9)	19 (14.1)	4.779	1.646–13.874	0.004
No	252 (97.7)	6 (2.3)	1
LDL-C (mg/dL)
<130	231 (97.9)	5 (2.1)	1
≥130	137 (87.3)	20 (12.7)	5.669	1.849–17.382	0.004

Note: Statistically significant at P<0.05.

Abbreviations: DM, diabetes mellitus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; JUSH, Jimma University Specialized Hospital; AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; HAART, highly active antiretroviral therapy; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.