C-reactive protein is associated with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and obesity in type 2 diabetic Sudanese

Figures & data

Table 1 Characteristics of the study subjects

Variable	Diabetics	Nondiabetics
Number	70	40
Female/male	55/15	28/12
Weight (kg)	73.72±1.52	73.63±2.49
Height (m)	1.59±0.01	1.65±0.02
BMI (kg/m^2)	29.45±0.66	27.30±0.99

Note: Anthropometric parameters are expressed as the mean ± standard error of the mean.

Abbreviation: BMI, body mass index.

Table 2 Biochemical parameters of the study groups

Parameter	Diabetics (n=70)	Nondiabetics (n=40)	P-value (two-tailed)
TC (mg/dL)	154.90±5.40	145.80±6.82	0.30
HDL-C (mg/dL)	50.26±1.07	53.35±2.04	0.14
LDL-C (mg/dL)	102.00±3.88	98.63±5.21	0.53
TG (mg/dL)	127.76±7.57	95.13±9.22	0.01
CRP (mg/L)	3.93±0.46	1.52±0.99	<0.001

Notes: The data are expressed as the mean ± standard error of the mean.

Abbreviations: TG, triglycerides; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TC, total cholesterol; CRP, C-reactive protein.

Figure 1 Prevalence of abnormal levels of CRP and lipid parameters in the study groups.

Abbreviations: LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; TC, total cholesterol; CRP, C-reactive protein.

Table 3 Odd ratios for CRP and lipid profile

Risck factors	OR	95% CI	P-value (two-tailed)
TC ≥200 (mg/dL)	1.31	0.42–4.07	0.78
HDL-C <40 (mg/dL)	1.16	0.33–4.13	1.00
LDL-C ≥100 (mg/dL)	1.52	0.72–3.49	0.32
TG >200 (mg/dL)	1.60	0.52–4.78	0.59
CRP >3 (mg/L)	5.56	1.95–15.95	0.001

Abbreviations: OR, odd ratio; CI, confidence interval; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; TC, total cholesterol; CRP, C-reactive protein.

Table 4 Correlation analysis of CRP with lipid profile and BMI in diabetics

Parameter		TC	HDL-C	LDL-C	TG	BMI
CRP	r	0.165	−0.019	0.255	0.053	0.293
	P	0.176	0.880	0.034	0.672	0.016

Abbreviation:r, Pearson correlation coefficient; CRP, C-reactive protein; BMI, body mass index; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglycerides.

Figure 2 Regression lines for (A) C-reactive protein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and (B) C-reactive protein and body mass index.

Table 5 Logistic regression of CRP, lipid parameters, and HbA_1c in diabetics

Covariate	Coefficient	OR	95% CI	P-value
TC ≥200 mg/dL	0.15	1.16	0.27–5.01	0.84
HDL-C <40 mg/dL	0.87	2.39	0.44–13.08	0.31
LDL-C ≥100 mg/dL	0.51	1.67	0.54–5.16	0.37
TG >200 mg/dL	0.34	1.41	0.41–4.86	0.59
HbA1c ≥7 (mg/L)	0.59	1.81	0.67–4.87	0.24

Abbreviations: TG, triglycerides; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TC, total cholesterol; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; HbA_1c, glycated hemoglobin; CRP, C-reactive protein.

Figure S1 Structured patient questionnaire.