Assessing the incremental benefit of an extended duration lifestyle intervention for the components of the metabolic syndrome

Figures & data

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of metabolic fitness participants

Characteristic	Least-square mean ± standard error			P-values
	BL (n=114)	3 months (n=107)	6 months (n=90)	BL to 3 months	BL to 6 months	3–6 months
Age, years	53.0±10.2	53.2±10.0	53.4±10.3
Sex, M	48 (42%)	44 (41%)	37 (41%)
BMI (M), kg/m^2	38.2±0.86	36.8±0.81	35.7±0.75	<0.0001	<0.0001	<0.0001
BMI (F), kg/m^2	38.6±0.93	37.5±0.90	36.8±0.91	<0.0001	<0.0001	<0.0001
Weight (M), kg	126.1±22.3	121.6±21.5	115.5±17.4	<0.0001	<0.0001	<0.0005
Weight (F), kg	103.6±20.3	100.8±20.0	98.6±20.0	<0.0001	<0.0001	<0.0001
Waist (M), cm	120.8±14.0	120.3±13.9	117.1±12.7	<0.0001	<0.0001	0.2
Waist (F), cm	113.45±14.4	109.6±13.2	106.6±13.9	<0.0001	<0.0001	0.047
Body fat (%)	44.0±0.73	42.8±0.75	41.8±0.79	<0.0001	<0.0001	<0.0001
Systolic BP, mmHg	122.4±1.49	117.4±1.47	118.5±1.33	0.001	0.04	1
Diastolic BP, mmHg	73.6±0.91	70.8±0.80	70.1±0.82	0.008	0.0004	1
Total cholesterol, mg/dL	186.6±3.64	177.1±3.42	174.7±3.49	0.002	<0.0001	0.9
Triglycerides, mg/dL	212.2±10.36	180.9±8.88	172.9±9.72	0.0002	<0.0001	0.9
Triglycerides (DM), mg/dL	232.2±17.88	186.8±15.58	176.7±16.61	0.0006	<0.0001	1
Triglycerides (not DM), mg/dL	193.5±10.68	174.9±9.15	167.3±10.78	0.2	0.06	1
LDL-C, mg/dL	101.9±3.00	98.1±2.88	98.0±2.88	0.3	0.3	1
HDL-C (M), mg/dL	37.9±1.10	38.8±1.38	39.0±1.30	0.8	0.8	1
HDL-C (F), mg/dL	48.0±1.41	47.0±1.23	46.9±1.39	0.8	0.8	1
Fasting glucose, mg/dL	130.1±4.67	118.7±3.38	115.8±3.35	0.003	0.0003	0.6
Fasting glucose (DM), mg/dL	161.1±7.69	139.2±5.79	132.8±6.51	0.004	0.0008	0.7
Fasting glucose (not DM), mg/dL	101.1±1.01	99.9±1.23	100.0±1.15	0.8	1	1
Fasting insulin, μM/mL	19.0±1.00	16.6±0.99	14.9±0.88	0.053	<0.0001	0.09
Fasting insulin (DM), μM/mL	21.6±1.63	18.6± 2.00	16.4±1.61	0.4	0.01	0.3
Fasting insulin (not DM), μM/mL	17.3±1.24	15.6± 1.07	14.1±1.05	0.4	0.01	0.4
hs-CRP	6.4±0.61	5.3±0.51	5.4±0.64	0.02	0.2	1
HOMA-IR, mU·mmol/L^2	5.6±0.33	4.6±0.33	4.0±0.27	0.01	<0.0001	0.06
HOMA-IR (DM), mU·mmol/L^2	7.5±0.55	5.9±0.73	4.9±0.58	0.09	0.002	0.2
HOMA-IR (not DM)	4.3±0.31	3.9±0.28	3.5±0.28	0.4	0.02	0.6
Depression score	5.9±0.45	3.0±0.33	2.8±0.40	<0.0001	<0.0001	1

Abbreviations: BL, baseline; M, male; BMI, body mass index; F, female; BP, blood pressure; DM, diabetes mellitus; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance.

Table 2 Medication profile

Medication	BL, n (%)	3 months, n (%)	6 months, n (%)	BL to 3 months	BL to 6 months	3–6 months
				P-value
Antiplatelet	49 (43.0)	44 (38.6)	34 (29.8)	–	0.0003	0.008
Diuretic	23 (20.2)	21 (18.4)	18 (15.8)	–	0.03	–
ACEi or ARB	50 (43.9)	46 (40.4)	42 (36.8)	–	0.03	–
Hypoglycemic	29 (25.4)	30 (26.3)	22 (19.3)	–	–	0.03

Abbreviations: BL, baseline; ACEi, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker.

Figure 1 Change in characteristics throughout the time course.

Notes: *P-value in 0.001–0.05. **P-value in 0.0001–0.001. ***P-value <0.0001.
Abbreviations: m, months; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DM, diabetes mellitus.

Figure 2 Change in characteristics associated with insulin resistance.

Notes: *P-value in 0.001–0.05. **P-value in 0.0001–0.001.
Abbreviations: m, month(s); HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; DM, diabetes mellitus.

Table 3 Clinical criteria change

Change in the number of metabolic syndrome criterion	BL to 3 months, n (%)	BL to 6 months, n (%)	3–6 months, n (%)
Gained two	2 (1.9)	1 (1.1)	1 (1.1)
Gained one	15 (14.0)	7 (7.8)	9 (10.0)
No change	60 (56.1)	42 (47)	48 (53.9)
Lost one	21 (19.6)	25 (27.8)	23 (25.8)
Lost two	9 (8.4)	19 (21.1)	6 (6.7)
Lost three	0 (0)	2 (2.2)	0 (0)
Lost four	0 (0)	1 (1.1)	2 (2.3)

Abbreviation: BL, baseline.