Effects of long-term exercise training on adipose tissue expression of fractalkine and MCP-1 in patients with type 2 diabetes and stable coronary artery disease: a substudy of a randomized controlled trial

Figures & data

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the total study population (n=137)

Characteristics
Age (years)	63.1±7.9
Sex (male/female)	115/22
Ethnicity (Caucasian/non-Caucasian)	114/23
BMI (kg/m^2)	29.2±5.0
Waist circumference (cm)	106±13
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	139±17
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	79±9
Current smoker	23 (17%)
Previous myocardial infarction	62 (45%)
Hypertension	100 (73%)
Albuminuria (including micro)	34 (25%)
Years of type 2 diabetesa	9 (5, 15)
HbA1c (%)/(mmol/mol)a	7.4 (6.8, 8.3)/57 (51, 67)
Glucose (mmol/L)a	8.1 (6.9, 9.8)
Insulin (pmol/L)a	57 (33, 102)
C-peptide (pmol/L)a	965 (713, 1,290)
HOMA2-IRa	1.3 (0.7, 2.1)
Medication (%)
Antiplatelet therapy	94
Statin	93
Beta blocker	77
ACE inhibitor/ARB	70
Metformin	74
Sulfonylurea	34
Gliptin	12
Insulin/insulin analog	19

Notes: Data are presented as proportions or mean value ± standard deviation unless otherwise stated.

a Median (25th and 75th percentiles).

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; HOMA2-IR, homeostatic model assessment 2 of insulin resistance; ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker.

Table 2 FCs in gene expression in the subcutaneous adipose tissue and circulating leukocytes as related to baseline median value of the total population (1.0)

	mRNA FC at 12 months		ΔP
	Exercise	Control
Subcutaneous adipose tissue
Fractalkine (n=73)	0.87 (0.67, 1.49)	1.14 (0.61, 1.51)	ns
CX3CR1 (n=71)	2.20 (0.64, 3.38)	2.31 (1.14, 4.36)	ns
MCP-1 (n=73)	0.68 (0.56, 1.11)	1.00 (0.62, 1.54)	ns
Circulating leukocytes
CX3CR1 (n=105)	1.02 (0.69, 1.38)	1.01 (0.66, 1.38)	ns
MCP-1 (n=105)	1.01 (0.67, 1.43)	1.17 (0.57, 2.34)	ns

Notes: FCs (25th and 75th percentiles) are given. n denotes number of samples with successful mRNA extraction both at baseline and after 12 months and ΔP denotes difference in changes between groups.

Abbreviations: FCs, fold changes; ns, nonsignificant; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1.

Table 3 Circulating levels of the measured chemokines at baseline and after 12 months intervention (n=114)

	Baseline		12 months		ΔP
	Exercise	Control	Exercise	Control
Fractalkine (pg/mL)	431 (348, 556)	485 (377, 610)	445 (345, 577)a	480 (393, 583)	0.042
MCP-1 (pg/mL)	261 (235, 299)	264 (234, 312)	255 (213, 294)	255 (216, 293)	0.594

Notes: Values are given as median (25th and 75th percentiles). ΔP refers to difference in change between the groups from baseline to 12 months.

a P=0.044 refers to difference from baseline.

Abbreviation: MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1.

Table 4 Coefficients of correlation at baseline between the measured markers and variables related to insulin resistance

	HbA1c	HOMA2-IRa	Years of T2DM	Insulina	BMI
Circulating levels (n=137)
Fractalkine	r =−0.211	r=−0.156	r=0.161	r=−0.153	r=−0.074
	P=0.013	P=0.117	P=0.063	P=0.110	P=0.390
MCP-1	r=0.066	r=0.009	r=0.146	r=−0.031	r=0.038
	P=0.445	P=0.933	P=0.095	P=0.750	P=0.666
Subcutaneous adipose tissue mRNA (n=113)
Fractalkine Rq	r=0.109	r=−0.044	r=0.044	r=−0.051	r=−0.028
	P=0.250	P=0.690	P=0.648	P=0.630	P=0.767
CX3CR1 Rq	r=0.008	r=0.100	r=−0.071	r=0.125	r=0.378
	P=0.941	P=0.391	P=0.493	P=0.271	P ≤0.001
MCP-1 Rq	r=0.134	r=−0.015	r=−0.025	r=0.013	r=0.047
	P=0.167	P=0.893	P=0.801	P=0.904	P=0.633
Circulating leukocytes mRNA (n=130)
CX3CR1 Rq	r=0.030	r=−0.035	r=0.014	r=−0.090	r=−0.144
	P=0.735	P=0.736	P=0.879	P=0.366	P=0.104
MCP-1 Rq	r=−0.118	r=−0.079	r=0.084	r=−0.073	r=−0.205
	P=0.182	P=0.442	P=0.349	P=0.462	P=0.020

Notes:

a Patients using insulin were excluded from analyses. Correlations were performed by Spearman’s ρ. Values in bold are those with P<0.05.

Abbreviations: HOMA2-IR, homeostatic model assessment 2 of insulin resistance; T2DM, type 2 diabetes; BMI, body mass index; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; Rq, relative quantification; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin.