Evaluation of single nucleotide polymorphisms of Pro12Ala in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ and Gly308Ala in tumor necrosis factor-α genes in obese Asian Indians: a population-based study

Figures & data

Table 1 Candidate genes and single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with obesity according to biological pathways

Central neuronal signaling pathway	Adipogenesis	Energy metabolism and thermogenesis	Leptin-insulin signaling pathway	Inflammatory cytokines	Hormone signaling pathway	Renin-angiotensin pathway	Undetermined pathways
AGRP	ACDC	ACP1	ABCC8	IL6	AR	ACE	FTO
CART	ADPN	DA	BTC	IL6R	CCKAR	AGT	–
DRD2	APM1	ADRA2B	GCGR	IL10	CRHR1	HSD11B1	–
DRD4	APOA1	ADRB2	IDE	LTA	CYP11B2	–	–
GHRL	APOA2	ADRB3	IGF2	SERPINE1	CYP19A1	–	–
GPR24	APOA4	ATP1A2	INS	TNF ESR1	–	–
HTR1B	APOB	CAPN10	IRS1	–	ESR2	–	–
HTR2A	APOD	ENPP1	IRS2	–	GHRHR	–	–
HTR2C	APOE	FABP1	LEP	–	MAOA	–	–
IDE	CBFA2T1	FABP2	LEPR	–	MAOB	–	–
MC3R	FOXC2	FABP4	PTPRF	–	MED12	–	–
MC4R	GNB3	FASN	RETN	–	NROB2	–	–
MC5R	INSIG2	GAD2	TBC1D1	–	NCOA3	–	–
NPR3	LDLR	GYS1	TCF1	–	PGR	–	–
NPY	LIPC	HSPA1B	–	–	SGK	–	–
NPY2R	LIPE	PPRGC1A	–	–	SLC6A3	–	–
NR3C1	LMNA	PTPN1	–	–	SLC6A14	–	–
POMC	LPL	TUB	–	–	VDR	–	–
PYY	MACS2	UCP1	–	–	–	–	–
TH	PLIN	UCP2	–	–	–	–	–
UBL5	PON1	UCP3	–	–	–	–	–
Y2R	PPARA	–	–	–	–	–	–
–	PPARD	–	–	–	–	–	–
–	PPARG	–	–	–	–	–	–
–	SAH	–	–	–	–	–	–
–	SCARB1	–	–	–	–	–	–
–	SORBS1	–	–	–	–	–	–
–	SREBF1	–	–	–	–	–	–

Table 2 Demographic details, lifestyle variables, and cardiovascular risk factors in the study subjects

	Group 1	Group 2
	BMI ≥30 kg/m^2	BMI <20 kg/m^2
	N = 201	N = 143
Men:women	82:119 (40.8%)a	81:62 (56.6%)
Age (y)	48.1 ± 12.9a	39.5 ± 17.7
Dietary variables
Calories (per d)	2157 ± 383a	1637 ± 204
Fat (g/d)	93.4 ± 18.8a	51.0 ± 8.3
Fat energy (%)	39.0 ± 4.0a	28.4 ± 5.4
SFA energy (%)	23.6 ± 8.1a	13.7 ± 5.8
MUFA energy (%)	9.4 ± 3.1	9.4 ± 2.2
PUFA energy (%)	5.9 ± 3.3b	5.2 ± 1.4
Proteins (g/d)	64.9 ± 18.1a	53.1 ± 10.1
Physical activity variables
Energy expenditure (kcal)	1870 ± 142a	2127 ± 417
PALS	1.41 ± 0.12a	1.50 ± 0.13
Risk factors
BMI (kg/m^2)	34.1 ± 3.8a	18.6 ± 1.2
Waist (cm)	102.9 ± 8.1a	65.0 ± 7.0
WHR	0.92 ± 0.07a	0.80 ± 0.08
Hypertension (%)	143 (71.1)a	67 (46.8)
Systolic BP (mm Hg)	132.6 ± 15.8a	124.5 ± 14.6
Diabetes (%)	60 (29.8)a	18 (12.6)
Glucose fasting (mg/dL)	116.9 ± 5.3a	95.6 ± 40.8
Cholesterol (mg/dL)	204.7 ± 52.0	194.6 ± 39.3
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	42.6 ± 6.0	43.1 ± 6.3
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	172.8 ± 70.6	158.9 ± 70.5

a Significance level: P < 0.01;

b P < 0.05.

Note: Numbers in parentheses are percent. Statistical t-test for continuous variables and chi-square test for ordinal variables.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; SFA, saturated fatty acid; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; PALS, physical activity level score; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio; BP, blood pressure; HDL, high-density lipoprotein.

Table 3 Distribution of PPARG and TNFA allele polymorphisms in obese and thin subjects

	PPARG Pro12Ala polymorphisms				TNFA Gly308Ala polymorphisms
	AA allele	BB allele	AB allele	P value (χ^2 test)	AA allele	BB allele	AB allele	P value (χ^2 test)
Obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m^2); n = 201	0	0	15	0.028	0	0	19	0.115
Thin (BMI < 20 kg/m^2); n = 143	0	0	3		0	0	7

Abbreviations: PPARG, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α; TNFA, tumor necrosis factor-γ.

Table 4 Lifestyle and phenotypic characteristics of study subjects (n = 344) with and without the presence of PPARG and TNFA polymorphisms

	PPARG		TNFA		Both PPARG and TNFA
	Present (n = 18)	Absent (n = 326)	Present (n = 26)	Absent (n = 318)	Present (n = 7)	Absent (n = 337)
Men:women	9:9 (50.0)	154:172 (47.2)	11:15 (42.3)	152:166 (47.8)	3:4 (42.8)	160:177 (47.5)
PALS	1.48 ± 0.13a	1.56 ± 1.15	1.50 ± 0.18	1.56 ± 1.17	1.47 ± 0.11	1.55 ± 1.10
Calorie intake/d	2472 ± 667a	1911 ± 372	2232 ± 526a	1917 ± 391	2581 ± 712a	1927 ± 393
Fat en%/d	40.0 ± 7.5a	34.3 ± 6.9	34.6 ± 8.7	34.5 ± 6.9	40.3 ± 6.4b	34.5 ± 7.0
SFA en%/d	25.5 ± 9.7a	19.2 ± 8.5	21.8 ± 10.4	19.3 ± 8.5	25.5 ± 8.5	19.4 ± 8.7
BMI (kg/m^2)	38.0 ± 10.5a	27.1 ± 7.7	33.3 ± 11.1a	27.2 ± 7.8	34.0 ± 10.4a	26.9 ± 7.6
Waist (cm)	108.1 ± 20.6a	86.0 ± 19.5	95.0 ± 24.6b	86.5 ± 19.7	98.4 ± 22.9a	85.8 ± 19.4
WHR	1.01 ± 0.25a	0.88 ± 0.14	0.98 ± 0.23a	0.88 ± 0.13	0.90 ± 0.10	0.87 ± 0.9
Hypertension	9 (50.0)	201 (61.6)	15 (57.7)	195 (61.3)	21 (47.7)	189 (63.0)
Systolic BP (mm Hg)	128.6 ± 15.9	129.3 ± 15.8	127.9 ± 13.4	129.4 ± 16.0	128.8 ± 13.8	129.3 ± 16.0
Diabetes	18 (100.0)a	60 (18.4)	11 (42.3)b	67 (21.1)	22 (50.0)a	56 (18.7)
Glucose fasting (mg/dL)	235.0 ± 65.4a	99.9 ± 35.9	142.8 ± 72.9a	105.5 ± 47.1	155.8 ± 97.9a	82.7 ± 50.1
Cholesterol (mg/dL)	220.4 ± 40.9	199.6 ± 47.9	209.5 ± 41.4	200.0 ± 48.2	188.3 ± 66.3	157.4 ± 77.2
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	40.8 ± 5.8	42.9 ± 6.1	42.3 ± 5.2	42.8 ± 6.2	38.4 ± 13.1	35.3 ± 17.5
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	223.1 ± 69.5a	164.0 ± 69.5	187.4 ± 72.8	165.7 ± 70.4	168.5 ± 78.5a	125.5 ± 75.9

a Significance level: P < 0.01;

b P < 0.05.

Note: Numbers in parentheses are percent. Statistical t-test for continuous variables and chi-square test for ordinal variables.

Abbreviations: PPARG, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ; TNFA, tumor necrosis factor-α; PALS, physical activity level score; SFA, SFA, saturated fatty acid; BMI, body mass index; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio; BP, blood pressure; HDL, high-density lipoprotein.