Pleiotropic effects of rosuvastatin on microvascular function in type 2 diabetes

Figures & data

Table 1 Summary of demographic and laboratory results

Demographic and Lab characteristics	Normal values	Pre-treatment	ADA diet	ADA diet and rosuvastatin
Body mass index	19–25 kg/m^2	36.61 ± 2.37	36.88 ± 2.2	36.25 ± 2.12
Systolic blood pressure	<120 mmHg	142.44 ± 5.01	132.94 ± 5.07	130.0 ± 4.84
Diastolic blood pressure	<80 mmHg	79.94 ± 2.36	74.5 ± 2.53	74.75 ± 2.66
Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL)	70–110 mg/dL	157.94 ± 16.22	153.67 ± 21.62	176.19 ± 19.48
C Peptide (ng/mL)	0.9–4 ng/mL	3.02 ± 0.56	3.48 ± 0.48	3.81 ± 0.61*
HbA1c (%)	4.3%–6.1%	8.09 ± 0.47	7.84 ± 0.56#	8.96 ± 0.62*
Insulin (uIU/mL)	5–15 uIU/mL	13.40 ± 2.84	12.62 ± 3.09	10.48 ± 3.21
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	10–150 mg/dL	128.81 ± 14.58	128.58 ± 19.76	127.25 ± 20.74
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	0–200 mg/dL	196.50 ± 8.02	193.42 ± 11.40#	134.88 ± 10.86*
HDL-C (mg/dL)	35–95 mg/dL	49.41 ± 5.40	51.0 ± 4.94	49.25 ± 4.47
LDL-C (mg/dL)	50–160 mg/dL	113.7 ± 13.1	113.63 ± 9.77#	60.19 ± 8.56*

Values are mean ± SE, p ≤ 0.05.

# Results are significant from ADA diet combined with rosuvastatin.

* Results are significant from pre-treatment to ADA diet combined with rosuvastatin.

Abbreviations: HbA_1c, hemoglobin A_1c; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein.

Figure 1 Skin blood flow graphs. A) Skin perfusion of the foot dorsum (during heating) at baseline (American Diabetes Diet [ADA] diet alone) and after 18 weeks of ADA diet and rosuvastatin (N = 16). B) A bar graph representation of the significant differences in baseline blood flow.

*Results are significant from pre-treatment to ADA diet combined with rosuvastatin, P = 0.001.

Table 2 Neurological symptom and impairment scores

Neurologic Impairment measures	Pre-treatment	ADA diet and rosuvastatin	P value
Neurologic symptom score	3.09 ± 0.72	2.03 ± 0.42	0.09
Sensory score	3.56 ± 0.60	2.56 ± 0.49	0.13
Motor score	1.69 ± 0.30	1.41 ± 0.25	0.31
Total neuropathy score	8.34 ± 1.26	6.00 ± 0.90	0.05*
NIS-LL (N = 15)
NIS-LL Reflexes (n = 15)	1.87 ± 0.14	1.37 ± 0.23	0.022
NIS-LL Muscle weakness (n = 15)	0.73 ± 0.37	1.27 ± 0.40	0.20
NIS-LL Sensation (n = 15)	6.40 ± 0.76	3.27 ± 0.86	0.004
NIS-LL Total score (n = 15)	9.00 ± 1.00	5.9 ± 0.94	0.007

Values are mean ± SE, p ≤ 0.05.

* Results are significant from pre-treatment to ADA diet combined with rosuvastatin.

* During the analysis of the NIS-LL and its components, one person was a clear outlier and was excluded from the analysis.

Abbreviation: NIS-LL, nerve impairment score-lower limb.

Table 3 Effects of American Diabetes Association (ADA) diet and ADA diet + rosuvastatin on somatic and autonomic nerve function

Nerve function measures	Pre-treatment (n = 16)	ADA diet (n = 16)	ADA diet + rosuvastatin (n = 16)
Sural amplitude	8.43 ± 1.60*	7.33 ± 1.25	8.68 ± 1.48
Sural CV	39.12 ± 2.75	36.90 ± 3.78	36.06 ± 3.59
Peroneal amplitude	4.06 ± 0.68	4.08 ± 0.68	3.97 ± 0.68
Peroneal CV	41.69 ± 1.20	42.35 ± 1.21	41.96 ± 1.58
Vibration	16.59 ± 2.77	18.81 ± 4.37	19.93 ± 4.10
Pressure	3.53 ± 0.22	3.47 ± 0.18	3.64 ± 0.22
Cold sensation	6.41 ± 0.91	6.16 ± 0.95	6.16 ± 0.93
Warm sensation	7.96 ± 1.07	6.96 ± 1.03	7.61 ± 1.04
Cold pain	17.56 ± 3.86	18.78 ± 3.61	19.68 ± 3.11
Heat pain	15.17 ± 0.95	14.67 ± 1.15	13.15 ± 0.93
E/I ratio	1.26 ± 0.14	1.14 ± 0.03	1.20 ± 0.08
Valsalva ratio	1.25 ± 0.05	1.23 ± 0.06	1.57 ± 0.31
30/15 ratio	3.81 ± 1.29	3.97 ± 0.93	2.86 ± 0.57

Abbreviations: CV, conduction velocity; autonomic function measures of heart rate variability during: E/I ratio, expiration/inspiration ratio; Valsalva ratio, Valsalva maneuver (forcible exhalation against a closed airway); 30/15 ratio, electrocardiogram R-R interval to upright posture.