The impact of a therapeutic exercise intervention on depression and body self-image in HIV-positive women in sub-Saharan Africa

Figures & data

Figure 1 Cognitive kinetics: behavioral reinforcement through physical transference.

Table 1 Results of brief interviews (based on WHO/UNFPA AIDS Inventory⁴⁵)

Participant experience of ART	Kara Counseling Center, Lusaka (n=20)	Narok District Hospital/Pillar of Hope NGO (combined) (n=20)	Malawi HTC Clinic, Nkhata Bay (n=20)
Mean years on ART	4	5	7
Attitude regarding ART	75% positive	90% positive	85% positive
Physical fitness	N=10 (50%) reported overall improved physical condition	N=14 (70%) reported overall improved physical condition N=1 (5%) in wheelchair as a result of TB of spine, yet physically able and willing to participate in movement program	N=9 (45%) reported overall improved physical condition
Pain/cramps	N=3 (15%)	N=1 (5%)	N=3 (15%)
Metabolic fat (lipodystrophy)	N=5 (25%) respondents reported metabolic complications (lipodystrophy, in particular buffalo hump)	N=9 (45%) respondents reported some form of metabolic disorder	N=6 (30%) respondents reported metabolic complications (lipodystrophy, in particular buffalo hump)
Infections/flu	N=2 (10%)	N=3 (15%)	N=4 (20%)
Fatigue	N=7 (35%)	N=2 (10%)	N=4 (20%)
Heart problems	N=2 (10%)	N=1 (5%)	N=3 (15%)
Nausea/vomiting	N=5 (25%)	N=6 (30%)	N=3 (15%)
Depression	N=2 (10%)	N=1 (5%)	N=5 (25%)
Sweating	N=3 (15%) respondents reported sweating after being on the single-dose ARV	N=3 (15%) respondents reported sweating after being on the single-dose ARV	N=6 (30%) respondents reported sweating after being on the single-dose ARV
Amnesia	N=5 (25%) reported feeling forgetful or lapse in short-term memory	N=4 (20%) reported feeling forgetful or lapse in short-term memory	N=4 (20%) reported feeling forgetful or lapse in short-term memory

Abbreviations: UNFPA, United Nations Fund for Population Activities; NGO, nongovernment organization; ART, antiretroviral treatment; TB, tuberculosis; ARV, antiretroviral.

Table 2 Ethnic grouping of the sample

Ethnic grouping	N	Percent
Black	52	86%
Colored	7	12%
Indian	1	2%

Note: The majority of participants (86%) were black South African women, receiving ART.

Abbreviation: ART, antiretroviral treatment.

Table 3 Cross tabulation – presence of lipodystrophy in relation to ARV regimen

ARV regimen		Participant percentage	Lipodystrophy		Total
	Regimen 1	Count	35	10	45
		% within regimen	77.8	22.2	100.0
		% within lipodystrophy	89.7	50.0	76
		% of total	59.3	16.9	76.3
	Regimen 2	Count	4	10	14
		% within regimen	28.6	71.4	100.0
		% within lipodystrophy	10.3	50.0	23.7
		% of total	6.8	16.9	23.7
Total		Count	39	20	59
		% within regimen	66.1	33.9	100.0
		% within lipodystrophy	100	100	100
		% of total	66.1	33.9	100

Abbreviation: ARV, antiretroviral.

Table 4 Descriptive statistics for depression: BDI⁶

BDI	Pretest		Posttest
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Experiment	6.17	3.97	4.85	2.85
Control	4.64	2.79	2.75	2.10

Abbreviations: BDI, Beck’s depression inventory.

Table 5 Descriptive statistics for the BSIQ (Rowe, 1999³³) cognitive-perceptual and affective-attitudinal subscales

BSIQ	Subscale	Group	Pre-test		Post-test
			Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Affective-attitudinal	AG	Exp	12.23	1.45	11.78	1.79
		Ctrl	11.93	2.04	11.34	3.59
	II	Exp	11.63	1.77	11.10	1.56
		Ctrl	11.60	1.39	10.27	3.21
	HFI	Exp	12.16	1.68	12.50	1.29
		Ctrl	11.83	1.57	11.20	3.49
	NA	Exp	7.46	2.37	6.46	2.08
		Ctrl	6.43	1.90	5.62	2.49
	HFE	Exp	9.36	1.60	10.53	1.59
		Ctrl	10.63	1.56	9.44	3.08
Cognitive-perceptual	OAE	Exp	11.00	2.00	11.89	1.85
		Ctrl	12.30	1.62	11.79	2.09
	HD	Exp	3.66	0.92	4.46	1.45
		Ctrl	4.10	1.09	3.75	1.66
	SD	Exp	9.20	1.09	8.00	1.82
		Ctrl	8.46	1.61	7.44	2.75
	FE	Exp	6.90	2.30	5.92	1.60
		Ctrl	6.10	1.42	5.17	2.08

Abbreviations: BSIQ, body self-image questionnaire; AG, attention to grooming; Exp, experimental; Ctrl, control; II, investment in ideals; HFI, health/fitness influence; NA, negative; HFE, health/fitness evaluation; OAE, overall appearance evaluation; HD, height dissatisfaction; SD, social desirability; FE, fatness evaluation.

World Health Organization (WHO)United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAID)The International Planned Parenthood Federation I (IPPF)Linking Sexual and Reproductive Health and HIV/AIDS: An annotated inventory2005 Available from: http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/rtis/inventory_linkages_shr_hiv.pdfAccessed May 11, 2018

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