Magnitude and associated factors of diabetes mellitus and hypertension among adult HIV-positive individuals receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy at Jugal Hospital, Harar, Ethiopia

Figures & data

Table 1 Sociodemographic characteristics of the study subjects at Jugal Hospital, Harar, Eastern Ethiopia

Variables	Variable category	Number (%)
Age group (years)	18–30	75 (17.7)
	31–50	298 (70.1)
	>51	52 (12.2)
Sex	Male	128 (30.1)
	Female	297 (69.9)
Residence	Urban	395 (92.9)
	Rural	30 (7.1)
Ethnicity	Amhara	233 (54.8)
	Oromo	123 (28.9)
	Gurage	25 (5.9)
	Adere	18 (4.2)
	Tigray	16 (3.8)
	Others	10 (2.4)
Educational status	Unable to write and read	76 (17.9)
	Read and write only	14 (3.3)
	Primary education	158 (37.2)
	Secondary education	110 (25.9)
	College/university	67 (15.8)
Marital status	Single	34 (8.0)
	Married	198 (46.6)
	Divorced/separated	119 (28.0)
	Widowed	74 (17.4)
Occupation	Government employee	85 (20.0)
	Private work	27 (6.4)
	Farmer	7 (1.7)
	Merchant	68 (16.0)
	Labor work	130 (30.6)
	House wife	48 (11.3)
	Retired	17 (4.0)
	Dependent/no work	21 (4.9)
	Others	22 (5.2)
Religion	Muslim	107 (25.2)
	Orthodox	261 (61.4)
	Protestant	50 (11.8)
	Others	7 (1.6)

Table 2 Behavioral and anthropometric characteristics of the study subjects at Jugal Hospital, Harar, Eastern Ethiopia

Variables	Variables category	Number (%)
Waist circumference	Male <94 cm/female <80 cm	184 (43.3)
	Male ≥94 cm/female ≥80 cm	241 (56.7)
Waist-to-hip ratio	Male <1.0 cm/female <0.85 cm	128 (30.1)
	Male ≥1.0 cm/female ≥0.85 cm	297 (69.9)
Smoking	No	395 (92.9)
	Yes	30 (7.1)
Alcohol	No	359 (84.5)
	Yes	66 (15.5)
Chewing khat	No	303 (71.3)
	Yes	122 (28.7)
Eating fruit	No	49 (11.5)
	Yes	376 (88.5)
Eating vegetables	No	35 (8.2)
	Yes	390 (91.8)
Doing vigorous activity	No	301 (70.8)
	Yes	124 (29.2)
Doing physical fitness	No	377 (88.7)
	Yes	48 (11.3)
Walking habit	No	62 (14.6)
	Yes	363 (85.4)

Table 3 Clinical characteristics of the study subjects at Jugal Hospital, Harar, Eastern Ethiopia

Variables	Variable category	Baseline	Current
BMI, median (IQR)		19.9 (17.6–22.7)	22.7 (19.9–25.8)
BMI category (kg/m^2), n (%)	Underweight	147 (34.6)	73 (17.2)
	Normal	219 (51.5)	224 (52.7)
	Overweight	53 (12.5)	98 (23.1)
	Obese	6 (1.4)	30 (7.1)
WHO stage, n (%)	Stage I	72 (16.9)	412 (96.9)
	Stage II	69 (16.2)	3 (0.7)
	Stage III	231 (54.4)	8 (1.9)
	Stage IV	53 (12.5)	2 (0.5)
CD4 (cells/mL), median (IQR)		180 (105–251)	480 (339–672)
CD4 (cells/mL), n (%)	>500	18 (4.2)	200 (47.4)
	200–499	145 (34.1)	192 (45.5)
	<200	262 (61.7)	30 (7.1)
Regimen, n (%)	1a (D4t–3TC–NVP)	118 (27.8)	–
	1b (D4t–3TC–EFV)	55 (12.9)	–
	1c (AZT–3TC–NVP)	47 (11.1)	112 (26.4)
	1d (AZT–3TC-EFV)	17 (4.0)	45 (10.6)
	1e (TDF–3TC–EFV)	174 (40.9)	226 (53.2)
	1f (TDF–3TC–NVP)	14 (3.3)	33 (7.8)
	2c (ABC–3TC–Kaletra)	–	5 (1.2)
	TDF–3TC–LPV/r	–	1 (0.2)
	TDF–3TC–Kaletra	–	3 (0.7)
HAART duration (months), median (IQR)		–	72 (43–97)
HAART duration (years), n (%)	<5	–	168 (39.53)
	≥5	–	257 (60.47)

Abbreviations: ABC, abacavir; AZT, zidovudine; EFV, efavirenz; HAART, highly active antiretroviral therapy; LPV/r, lopinavir/ritonavir; NVP, nevirapine; 3TC, lamivudine; TDF, Tenofovir.

Table 4 Bivariate and multivariable analyses for factors associated with DM among HIV patients receiving HAART at Jugal Hospital, Harar, Eastern Ethiopia

Variables	Variable category	Diabetes status		COR (95% CI)	P-value	AOR (95% CI)	P-value
		Normal, n (%)	DM, n (%)
Sex	Male	115 (89.8)	13 (10.2)	1		1
	Female	280 (94.3)	17 (5.7)	0.5 (0.3–1.1)	0.106	0.8 (0.3–2.4)	0.719
Age (years)	<40	219 (96.5)	8 (3.5)	1		1
	>40	176 (88.9)	22 (11.1)	3.4 (1.5–7.9)	0.004	1.9 (0.7–5.0)	0.212
Waist circumference	Normal	174 (94.6)	10 (5.4)	1		1
	High	221 (91.7)	20 (8.3)	1.6 (0.7–3.4)	0.257	1.1 (0.3–3.4)	0.936
Blood pressure	Normal	352 (94.9)	19 (5.1)	1		1
	High	43 (79.6)	11 (20.4)	4.7 (2.1–10.6)	0.000	3.3 (1.1–9.5)	0.028
WHO stage (baseline)	Stage I	67 (97.1)	2 (2.9)	1		1
	Stage II	63 (88.7)	8 (11.3)	4.3 (0.9–20.8)	0.074	3.5 (0.6–20.5)	0.164
	Stage III	214 (92.2)	18 (7.8)	2.8 (0.6–12.4)	0.172	3.9 (0.7–21.7)	0.110
	Stage IV	51 (96.2)	2 (3.8)	1.3 (0.2–9.6)	0.788	1.2 (0.1–11.1)	0.851
HAART duration (years)	<5	162 (95.3)	8 (4.7)	1		1
	≥5	233 (91.4)	22 (8.6)	1.9 (0.8–4.4)	0.128	1.4 (0.5–3.6)	0.506
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	<200	285 (95.9)	12 (4.1)	1		1
	≥200	110 (86.9)	18 (14.1)	3.9 (1.8–8.3)	0.000	1.2 (0.4–4.2)	0.746
Triglyceride (mg/dL)	<200	321 (95.8)	14 (4.2)	1		1
	≥200	74 (82.2)	16 (17.8)	4.9 (2.3–10.6)	0.000	4.7 (1.7–13.1)	0.003
HDL-C (mg/dL)	>40	223 (91.4)	21 (8.6)	1		1
	<40	172 (95.0)	9 (5.0)	0.6 (0.2–1.2)	0.153	0.4 (0.2–1.0)	0.061
LDL-C (mg/dL)	<130	308 (95.1)	16 (4.9)	1		1
	≥130	87 (86.1)	14 (13.9)	3.1 (1.4–6.6)	0.003	2.0 (0.6–7.2)	0.284
BMI baseline (kg/m^2)	<25	346 (94.3)	21 (5.7)	1		1
	≥25	49 (84.5)	9 (15.5)	3.0 (1.3–6.9)	0.009	8.7 (2.4–31.8)	0.001
BMI current (kg/m^2)	<25	278 (93.9)	18 (6.1)	1		1
	≥25	117 (90.7)	12 (9.3)	1.6 (0.7–3.4)	0.237	0.3 (0.1–1.1)	0.073
Smoking	No	369 (93.4)	26 (6.6)	1		1
	Yes	26 (86.7)	4 (13.3)	2.2 (0.7–6.7)	0.174	1.5 (0.4–5.7)	0.586

Abbreviations: AOR, adjusted odds ratio; COR, crude odds ratio; DM, diabetes mellitus; HAART, highly active antiretroviral therapy; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Table 5 Bivariate and multivariable analyses for factors associated with hypertension among HIV patients receiving HAART at Jugal Hospital, Harar, Eastern Ethiopia

Variables	Variable category	Blood pressure		COR (95% CI)	P-value	AOR (95% CI)	P-value
		Normal, n (%)	High, n (%)
Age (years)	<40	209 (92.1)	18 (7.9)	1		1
	≥40	162 (81.8)	36 (18.2)	2.6 (1.4–4.7)	0.002	1.3 (0.6–2.7)	0.503
Waist circumference	Normal	168 (91.3)	16 (8.7)	1		1
	High	203 (84.2)	38 (15.8)	1.9 (1.1–3.6)	0.032	0.6 (0.2–1.5)	0.280
Waist-to-hip ratio	Normal	121 (94.5)	7 (5.5)	1		1
	High	250 (84.2)	47 (15.8)	3.2 (1.4–7.4)	0.005	4.6 (1.6–13.3)	0.004
Glucose (mg/dL)	<126	352 (89.1)	43 (10.9)	1		1
	≥126	19 (63.3)	11 (36.7)	4.7 (2.1–10.6)	0.000	3.5 (1.1–11.4)	0.035
WHO stage baseline	Stage I	62 (89.9)	7 (10.1)	1		1
	Stage II	54 (76.1)	17 (23.9)	2.8 (1.1–7.2)	0.035	2.2 (0.7–6.9)	0.179
	Stage III	206 (88.8)	26 (11.2)	1.1 (0.5–2.7)	0.804	0.7 (0.2–2.0)	0.473
	Stage IV	49 (92.5)	4 (7.5)	0.7 (0.2–2.6)	0.621	0.6 (0.1–2.5)	0.451
HAART duration (years)	<5	156 (91.8)	14 (8.2)	1		1
	≥5	215 (84.3)	40 (15.7)	2.1 (1.1–3.9)	0.026	2.3 (1.1–5.1)	0.040
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	<200	279 (93.9)	18 (6.1)	1		1
	≥200	92 (71.9)	36 (28.1)	6.1 (3.3–11.2)	0.000	3.9 (1.3–11.9)	0.016
Triglyceride (mg/dL)	<200	298 (88.9)	37 (11.1)	1		1
	≥200	73 (81.1)	17 (18.9)	1.9 (1.0–3.5)	0.050	0.9 (0.4–2.2)	0.804
HDL-C (mg/dL)	≥40	217 (88.9)	27 (11.1)	1		1
	<40	154 (85.1)	27 (14.9)	1.4 (0.8–2.5)	0.240	1.9 (0.9–3.9)	0.079
LDL-C (mg/dL)	<130	302 (93.2)	22 (6.8)	1		1
	≥130	69 (68.3)	32 (31.7)	6.4 (3.5–11.6)	0.000	2.1 (0.7–6.0)	0.174
BMI baseline (kg/m^2)	<25	324 (88.3)	43 (11.7)	1		1
	≥25	47 (81.0)	11 (19.0)	1.8 (0.8–3.6)	0.127	0.6 (0.2–1.8)	0.365
BMI current (kg/m^2)	<25	271 (91.6)	25 (8.4)	1		1
	≥25	100 (77.5)	29 (22.5)	3.1 (1.8–5.6)	0.000	3.8 (1.5–9.6)	0.004
CD4 current (cells/mL)	≥500	182 (91.0)	18 (90.0)	1		1
	<500	189 (84.0)	36 (16.0)	1.9 (1.1–3.5)	0.033	2.7 (1.3–5.6)	0.009
Alcohol drinking	No	322 (89.7)	37 (10.3)	1		1
	Yes	49 (74.2)	17 (25.8)	3.0 (1.6–5.8)	0.001	3.4 (1.5–8.1)	0.005
Smoking	No	348 (88.1)	47 (11.9)	1		1
	Yes	23 (76.7)	7(23.3)	2.3 (0.9–5.5)	0.077	2.2 (0.7–6.8)	0.184

Abbreviations: AOR, adjusted odds ratio; COR, crude odds ratio; HAART, highly active antiretroviral therapy; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, lowdensity lipoprotein cholesterol.