Perceived stigma among people living with HIV/AIDS in Pokhara, Nepal

Figures & data

Table

Question number	Domain
Q2, Q3, Q7, Q8, Q11, Q13, Q20	Negative self-image
Q5, Q9, Q10, Q12, Q14, Q17	Public attitude concern
Q1, Q4, Q6, Q15, Q18, Q19, Q22, Q30	Disclosure concern
Q16, Q21, Q23, Q24, Q25, Q26, Q27, Q28, Q29, Q31, Q32	Enacted stigma

Table 1 Sociodemographic variables of PLWHA, n =282

Sociodemographic variables	Frequency	Percentage
Age (years)
20–29	71	25.2
30–39	74	26.2
40–49	77	27.3
≥50	60	21.3
Sex
Male	139	49.3
Female	143	50.7
Ethnicity
Brahmin and Chhetri	67	23.8
Janajati	131	46.5
Dalit	75	26.6
Others	9	3.2
Place of residence
Urban	178	63.1
Rural	104	36.9
Marital status
Married	191	67.7
Unmarried	36	12.8
Widow/widower	41	14.5
Divorced/separated	14	5.0
Educational status
Illiterate	39	13.8
Primary or less	57	20.2
Secondary	89	31.6
Tertiary	97	34.4
Occupational status
Employed	129	45.7
Unemployed	153	54.3

Note: Mean age 39.04 ± SD 11.03.

Table 2 Perceived stigma level of PLWHA

Stigma levela	Frequency	Percentage
Negative self-image level (n=282)
Low	113	40.1
High	169	59.9
Public attitude concern level
(n=282)
Low	47	16.7
High	235	83.3
Disclosure concern level (n=282)
Low	90	31.9
High	192	68.1
Enacted stigma level (n=221)
Low	165	74.6
High	56	25.4
Overall stigma level (n=282)
Low	152	53.9
High	130	46.1

Notes: Stigma mean score <2.5= low-level stigma, stigma mean score ≥2.5= high-level stigma.

a Criteria for stigma level according to Bunn.¹²

Table 3 Mean score of overall stigma and their domains

Stigma	Mean	SE	95% CI	SD
Negative self-image (n=282)	2.79	0.41	(2.71, 2.88)	0.70
Public attitude concern (n=282)	3.09	0.31	(3.02, 3.15)	0.52
Disclosure concern (n=282)	3.02	0.52	(2.91, 3.12)	0.88
Enacted stigma (n=221)	1.66	0.06	(1.53, 1.79)	1.08
Overall stigma (n=282)	2.52	0.28	(2.46, 2.57)	0.48

Abbreviation: SE, standard error.

Table 4 Differences on NSI score according to sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, n=282

Characteristics	No.	Mean score	SE	CI of mean difference (95%)	Statistical value	P-value
						n=282
Age (years)
20–29	71	3.42	0.52	(1.06, 0.10)	40.88^	<0.0001*
30–39	74	2.79	0.70	(0.17, 0.58)
40–49	77	2.61	0.72	(0.06, 0.45)
≥50	60	2.35	0.83	(−0.45, −0.06)
Sex
Male	139	2.76	0.57	(−0.22, 0.10)	2.574#	0.471
Female	143	2.82	0.61
Residence
Rural	104	2.66	0.06	(−0.38, −0.04)	2.951#	0.014*
Urban	178	2.87	0.05
Marital status
Married	191	2.74	0.04	(0.13, 0.57)	19.476^	<0.0001*
Unmarried	36	3.43	0.08	(0.76, 1.33)
Divorced/separated	14	3.16	0.12	(0.38, 1.16)
Widowed/widower	41	2.38	0.99	(−1.33, −0.76)
Education status
Illiterate	39	2.49	0.09	(−0.34, 0.14)	13.784^	<0.0001*
Basic and less	100	2.59	0.06	(−0.14, 0.34)
Secondary	97	2.93	0.65	(−0.19, 0.69)
Higher level	46	3.22	0.97	(0.44, 1.01)
Time of HIV diagnosis
<3 years	90	3.29	0.06	(0.57, 0.53)	2.341#	<0.0001*
>3 years	192	2.56	0.04
High-risk behavior practices
Present	116	2.72	0.06	(−0.30, 0.03)	1.055#	0.115
Absent	166	2.85	0.05

Notes:

^ One-way ANOVA,

# Independent t-test,

* P-value significant at <0.05.

Abbreviation: SE, standard error.

Table 5 Difference in PAC scores according to sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, n=282

Characteristics	No.	Mean score	SE	CI of mean difference (95%)	Statistical value	P-value
						n=282
Age (years)
20–29	71	3.40	0.04	(0.39, 0.72)	16.18^	<0.0001*
30–39	74	3.13	0.06	(0.13, 0.46)
40–49	77	2.98	0.06	(−0.02, 0.30)
≥50	60	2.83	0.06	(−0.30, 0.02)
Sex
Male	139	2.99	0.04	(−0.30, −0.06)	0.523#	0.003*
Female	143	3.18	0.04
Residence
Rural	104	3.06	0.04	(−0.18, 0.07)	0.790#	0.455
Urban	178	3.10	0.04
Marital status
Married	191	3.04	0.03	(−0.10, 0.24)	5.363^	0.010*
Unmarried	36	3.36	0.06	(0.15, 0.61)
Divorced/separated	14	3.32	0.09	(−0.24, 0.10)
Widow/widower	41	2.97	0.08	(0.03, 0.65)
Education status
Illiterate	39	3.03	0.08	(−0.16, 0.21)	4.072^	0.007*
Basic and less	100	3.01	0.05	(−0.21, 0.016)
Secondary	97	3.09	0.05	(−0.06, 0.22)
Higher level	46	3.32	0.06	(0.13, 0.49)
Time of HIV diagnosis
<3 years	90	3.30	0.04	(0.18, 0.43)	2.510#	<0.0001*
>3 years	192	2.99	0.03
High-risk behavior practices
Present	116	3.17	0.05	(0.01, 0.26)	1.953#	0.034*
Absent	166	3.03	0.03

Notes:

^ One-way ANOVA,

# Independent t-test,

* P-value significant at <0.05.

Abbreviation: SE, standard error.

Table 6 Difference in disclosure DC scores according to sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, n=282

Characteristics	No.	Mean score	SE	CI of mean difference (95%)	Statistical value	P-value
						n=282
Age (years)
20–29	71	3.60	0.07	(1.06, 1.59)	33.02^	<0.0001*
30–39	74	3.07	0.09	(0.53, 1.05)
40–49	77	3.01	0.08	(0.47, 0.99)
≥50	60	2.27	0.11	(−0.99, −0.47)
Sex
Male	139	2.95	0.06	(−0.33, 0.07)	9.710#	0.218
Female	143	3.08	0.07
Residence
Rural	104	2.89	0.08	(−0.42, 0.004)	0.005#	0.055
Urban	178	3.09	0.88
Marital status
Married	191	2.99	0.06	(0.18, 0.75)	11.48^	<0.0001*
Unmarried	36	3.58	0.08	(0.68, 1.43)
Divorced/separated	14	3.43	0.09	(0.40, 1.42)
Widow/widower	41	2.52	0.16	(−0.75, −0.18)
Education status
Illiterate	39	2.76	0.15	(−0.34, 0.28)	9.054^	<0.0001*
Basic or less	100	2.79	0.09	(−0.28, 0.34)
Secondary	97	3.13	0.07	(−0.05, 0.68)
Higher level	46	3.50	0.10	(0.37, 1.10)
Time of HIV diagnosis
<3 years	90	3.56	0.06	(0.59, 1.00)	30.90#	<0.0001*
>3 years	192	2.76	0.06
High-risk behavior practices
Present	116	3.00	0.09	(−0.23, 0.18)	6.728#	0.828
Absent	166	3.03	0.06

Notes:

^ One-way ANOVA,

# Independent t-test,

* P-value significant at <0.05.

Abbreviation: SE, standard error.

Table 7 Difference in eS scores according to sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, n=221

Characteristics	No.	Mean score	SE	CI of mean difference (95%)	Statistical value	P-value
						n=221
Age (years)
20–29	47	2.13	0.11	(−0.11, 0.41)	2.071^	0.105
30–39	56	2.30	0.10	(0.66, 0.57)
40–49	64	1.98	0.07	(−0.38, 0.13)
≥50	54	2.10	0.09	(−0.13, 0.38)
Sex
Male	114	2.01	0.05	(−0.41, −0.04)	5.168#	0.024*
Female	107	2.24	0.07
Residence
Rural	88	2.13	0.78	(–0.01, 0.20)	0.16#	0.912
Urban	133	2.12	0.06
Marital status
Married	147	2.05	0.05	(−0.23, 0.37)	4.874^	0.003*
Unmarried	23	1.98	0.16	(−0.37, 0.23)
Divorced/separated	11	2.80	0.17	(0.31, 1.17)
Widow/widower	40	2.27	0.11	(–0.07, 0.64)
Education status
Illiterate	33	2.18	0.13	(−0.11, 0.47)	1.162^	0.325
Basic and less	83	2.20	0.08	(−0.02, 0.42)
Secondary	75	2.00	0.07	(−0.45, 0.14)
Higher level	30	2.15	0.14	(−0.14, 0.45)
Time of HIV diagnosis
<3 years	58	2.13	0.09	(−0.20, 0.22)	0.399#	0.946
>3 years	163	2.12	0.05
High-risk behavior practices
Present	92	2.17	0.07	(−0.11, 0.27)	0.345#	0.407
Absent	129	2.09	0.06

Notes:

^ One-way ANOVA,

# Independent t-test,

* P-value significant at <0.05.

Abbreviation: SE, standard error.

Table 8 Difference in overall stigma scores according to sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, n=282

Characteristics	No.	Mean score	SE	CI of mean difference (95%)	Statistical value	P-value
						n=282
Age (years)
20–29	71	2.77	0.04	(0.34, 0.66)	14.08^	<0.0001*
30–39	74	2.55	0.05	(0.13, 0.44)
40–49	77	2.45	0.04	(0.03, 0.33)
≥50	60	2.26	0.06	(−0.33, −0.02)
Sex
Male	139	1.65	0.08	(−0.27, 0.23)	12.58#	0.858
Female	143	1.67	0.09
Residence
Rural	104	1.80	0.10	(−0.04, 0.48)	1.953#	0.100
Urban	178	1.58	0.08
Marital status
Married	191	2.46	0.03	(−0.17, 0.15)	6.597^	<0.0001*
Unmarried	36	2.71	0.07	(0.08, 0.42)
Divorced/separated	14	2.93	0.11	(0.20, 0.72)
Widow/widower	41	2.47	0.09	(−0.15, 0.17)
Education status
Illiterate	39	2.43	0.08	(−0.19, 0.16)	2.789^	0.041*
Basic and less	100	2.45	0.05	(−0.16, 0.19)
Secondary	97	2.53	0.04	(−0.83, 0.27)
Higher level	46	2.68	0.05	(0.04, 0.45)
Time of HIV diagnosis
<3 years	90	1.37	0.12	(−0.69, −0.16)	9.686#	0.003*
>3 years	192	1.80	0.07
High-risk behavior practices
Present	116	2.53	0.04	(−0.09, 0.13)	2.040#	0.690
Absent	166	2.51	0.03

Notes:

^ One-way ANOVA,

# Independent t-test,

* P-value significant at <0.05.

Abbreviation: SE, standard error.

RongkavilitCWrightKChenXNaar-KingSChuenyamTPhanuphakPHIV stigma, disclosure and psychosocial distress among Thai youth living with HIVInt J STD AIDS201021212613220089999

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