The effectiveness of pictogram intervention in the identification and reporting of adverse drug reactions in naïve HIV patients in Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study

Figures & data

Table 1 Characteristics of study population

Characteristics	Group A, n=113 (%)	Group B, n=94 (%)	Total,N=207 (%)
Age (years)
18–29	27 (23.9)	30 (31.9)	57 (27.5)
30–39	43 (38.1)	37 (39.4)	80 (38.6)
40–49	29 (25.7)	21 (22.3)	50 (24.2)
≥50	14 (12.4)	6 (6.4)	20 (9.7)
Sex
Female	57 (50.4)	44 (46.8)	101 (48.8)
Male	56 (49.6)	50 (53.2)	106 (51.2)
Education
Unable to read or write	25 (22.1)	25 (26.6)	50 (24.2)
Primary school	51 (45.1)	34 (36.2)	85 (41.1)
Secondary school	32 (28.3)	29 (30.9)	61 (29.5)
College and above	5 (4.4)	6 (6.4)	11 (5.3)
Employment
Unemployed	74 (65.5)	63 (67.0)	137 (66.2)
Employed	34 (30.1)	27 (28.7)	61 (29.5)
Student	5 (4.4)	4 (4.3)	9 (4.3)
Marital status
Single	45 (39.8)	37 (39.4)	82 (39.6)
Married	49 (43.4)	41 (43.6)	90 (43.5)
Widowed	7 (6.2)	2 (2.1)	9 (4.3)
Divorced	8 (7.1)	10 (10.6)	18 (8.7)
Separated	4 (3.5)	4 (4.3)	8 (3.9)
Religion
Orthodox Christian	98 (86.7)	84 (89.4)	182 (87.9)
Protestant	1 (0.9)	0 (0.0)	1 (0.5)
Muslim	13 (11.5)	9 (9.6)	22 (10.6)
Others	1 (0.9)	1 (1.1)	2 (1.0)
Number of family members with HIV
None	40 (35.4)	39 (41.5)	79 (38.2)
One	38 (33.6)	24 (25.5)	62 (30.0)
Two	30 (26.5)	24 (25.5)	54 (26.1)
Three	5 (4.4)	7 (7.4)	12 (5.8)
Average monthly family income (Ethiopian Birr)
No income	82 (72.6)	70 (74.5)	152 (73.4)
100–200	–	4 (4.3)	4 (1.9)
201–500	4 (3.5)	5 (5.3)	9 (4.3)
501–1,000	15 (13.3)	9 (9.6)	24 (11.6)
>1,000	12 (10.6)	6 (6.4)	18 (8.7)
Current CD4 cell count
Median	390	420	399
<350	42 (37.2)	34 (36.2)	76 (36.7)
≥350	71 (62.8)	60 (63.8)	131 (63.3)
Comorbid conditions
Community-acquired pneumonia	14 (12.4)	16 (17.0)	30 (14.5)
Pulmonary tuberculosis	11 (9.7)	7 (7.4)	18 (8.7)
Fever/diarrhea >1 month	6 (5.3)	8 (8.5)	14 (6.8)
Oropharyngeal candidiasis	6 (5.3)	4 (4.3)	10 (4.8)
Wasting syndrome	4 (3.5)	5 (5.3)	9 (4.3)
Gastrointestinal symptoms	3 (2.7)	3 (3.2)	6 (2.9)
Extrapulmonary tuberculosis	4 (3.5)	2 (2.1)	6 (2.9)
Others	20 (17.7)	17 (18.1)	37 (17.9)

Table 2 Bivariate associations of sociodemographic factors with identifying and reporting ADRs

	ADRs
Sociodemographic characteristics	Identified, n=62 (%)	Not identified, n=145 (%)	OR (95% CI)
Age (years)
18–29	19 (33.3)	38 (66.7)	1
30–39	17 (21.2)	63 (78.8)	1.5 (0.474–4.748)
40–49	21 (42)	29 (58)	0.81 (0.258–2.544)
50 and above	5 (25)	15 (75)	2.172 (0.683–6.912)
Sex
Female	23 (22.8)	78 (77.2)	1
Male	39 (36.8)	67 (63.2)	1.974 (1.073–3.633)
Education
Unable to read or write	15 (30)	35 (70)	1
Primary school	30 (35.3)	55 (64.7)	1.273 (0.601–2.697)
Secondary school	14 (23)	47 (77)	0.695 (0.297–1.626)
College and above	3 (27.3)	8 (72.7)	0.875 (0.204–3.761)
Employment
Unemployed	38 (27.7)	99 (72.3)	1
Employed	23 (37.7)	38 (62.3)	1.577 (0.833–2.987)
Student	1 (11.1)	8 (88.9)	0.326 (0.039–2.692)
Marital status
Single	27 (32.9)	55 (67.1)	1
Married	26 (28.9)	64 (77.1)	0.828 (0.433–1.582)
Widowed	3 (33.3)	6 (66.7)	1.019 (0.236–4.388)
Divorced	4 (22.2)	14 (77.8)	0.582 (0.175–1.938)
Separated	2 (25)	6 (75)	0.679 (0.128–3.59)

Note: Values in bold font are statistically significant.

Abbreviation: ADRs, adverse drug reactions.

Figure 1 Frequency of different antiretroviral regimens among study participants.

Abbreviations: AZT, zidovudine; EFV, efavirenz; NVP, nevirapine; TDF, tenofovir; 3TC, lamivudine.

Table 3 Univariate associations of the identification of ART medications and reporting ADRs among the study population

Identification of ART medications and ADRs N (%)	Group A, n=113 N (%)	Group B, n=94 N (%)	OR (95% CI)	P-value
Identified ART medications
Lamivudine	89 (78.8)	31 (33.0)	7.536 (4.042–14.021)	0.000
Zidovudine	31 (27.4)	9 (9.6)	3.570 (1.602–7.960)	0.002
Efavirenz	39 (11.8)	11 (34.5)	3.929 (1.876–8.228)	0.000
Nevirapine	26 (23.0)	5 (5.3)	5.320 (1.954–14.484)	0.001
Tenofovir	7 (6.2)	3 (3.2)	6.250 (2.855–13.682)	0.000
Identified ADRs
None	80 (70.8)	65 (69.1)		1
Nausea	9 (8.0)	4 (4.3)	0.547 (0.161–1.857)	0.333
Vomiting 1–2 times a month	9 (8.0)	4 (4.3)	0.547 (0.161–1.857)	0.333
Diarrhea	14 (12.4)	4 (4.3)	4.308 (1.353–14.719)	0.013
Others	11 (9.7)	7 (7.4)	0.753 (0.287–2.134)	0.633

Note: Values in bold font are statistically significant.

Abbreviations: ADRs, adverse drug reactions: ART, antiretroviral.