Determinants of Male Partner Involvement Towards Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission Service Utilization Among Pregnant Women Who Attended Focused Antenatal Care in Southern Ethiopia

Figures & data

Table 1 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Pregnant Women and Their Male Partner Who Came to ANC Clinic for ANC/PMTCT Service in Hawassa Town, Southern Ethiopia, 2018 (N= 409)

Variable	Description	Frequency (n)	Percentage (%)
Age	18–24 years	185	45.2
	25–29 years	160	39.1
	30–34 years	49	12.0
	35–39 years	15	3.7
Marital status	Single	3	7
	Married	402	98.3
	Divorced	4	1
Level of school	No formal education	32	7.8
	Primary education	82	20.0
	Secondary education	114	27.9
	Higher education	181	44.3
Occupation	House wife	182	44.5
	Government employee	137	33.5
	Unemployed	76	18.6
	Merchant	14	3.4
Availability of own monthly income	Yes	191	46.7
	No	218	53.3
Monthly income (N=191)	<1400 ETB	49	25.7
	1401–2000 ETB	62	32.5
	2001–2500 ETB	35	18.3
	>2500 ETB	45	23.6
Availability of family saving system/scheme	Yes	297	72.6
	No	112	27.4
Responsibility of family saving scheme (n=297)	Partner saving	134	45.1
	Self-saving	100	33.7
	Both partners saving	63	21.2
Age of male partner	15–24 years	28	6.8
	25–34 years	284	69.4
	35+ years	97	23.7
Educational status of male partner	No formal education	16	3.9
	Primary education	91	22.3
	Secondary education	84	20.5
	Higher education	218	53.3
Occupation of male partner	Governmental employee	194	47.4
	Daily wage workers	125	30.6
	Merchant	58	14.2
	NGO employee	16	3.9
	Student	12	2.9
Current marriage type of male partner	Monogamy	397	97.1
	Polygamy	12	2.9

Table 2 Pregnancy and Decision Making Related Characteristics of Pregnant Women Who Came to ANC Clinics in the Selected Health Centers for ANC/PMTCT Service in Hawassa Town, Southern Ethiopia, 2018 (N= 409)

Variable	Description	Frequency (n)	Percentage (%)
Pregnancy condition	Wanted	303	74.1
	Unwanted	106	24.9
Gravidity	Gravida I	201	49.1
	Gravida II	130	31.5
	Gravida III	42	10.3
	Gravida IV and above	36	8.8
Parity (N=208)	Para 0	201	49.1
	Para I	130	31.5
	Para II	42	10.3
	Para III and above	36	8.8
Number of FANC visit	First visit	90	22.0
	Second visit	109	26.7
	Third visit	144	35.2
	Fourth visit	66	16.1
Birth place interest	Health facility	329	80.4
	Home by TBA	80	19.6
Birth preparedness plan	Yes	298	72.9
	No	111	27.1
Responses on importance of HIV test	For health workers only	52	12.7
	For baby alone	47	11.5
	For partner alone	15	3.7
	For mother alone	24	5.9
	For mother and baby only	114	27.9
	For everyone	157	38.3
Decisionmaker to use condom when desire	Partner	116	28.4
	Self	31	7.6
	Both partner	262	64.1
Decisionmaker to make HIV test	Partner	45	11.0
	Self	84	20.5
	Both partner	280	68.5
Decisionmaker for institutional delivery	Partner	40	9.8
	Self	82	20.2
	Both partner	287	70.2
Decisionmaker on baby-feeding option	Partner	34	8.3
	Self	144	35.2
	Both partner	231	56.5

Table 3 PMTCT and HIV Care and Support Related Characteristics of Pregnant Women Who Came to ANC Clinics in the Selected Health Centers for ANC/PMTCT Service in Hawassa Town, Southern Ethiopia, 2018 (N= 409)

Variable	Description	Frequency (n)	Percentage (%)
Life time HIV risk of pregnant women	Yes	14	3.4
	No	389	95.1
	I do not know	6	1.5
Kinds of life time HIV risk behaviour of women (N=14)	Multiple Sexual partner	6	42.8
	Sexual contact without condom	6	42.8
	Sexual contact with HIV positive	2	14.2
Discussion on HIV with partner	Yes	278	68.0
	No	131	32.0
Women’s history of HIV screening	Yes	397	97.1
	No	12	2.9
Women’s willingness and testing HIV test in current pregnancy	Yes	398	97.3
	No	11	2.7
Women’s reason for current HIV test refusal (N=11)	Inability to cope stress of being positive	5	45.5
	Fear of rejection/stigma by community	6	54.5
Women’s Current HIV testing result (N=398)	Positive	7	1.8
	Negative	391	98.2
Women’s disclosure of current test result to male partners (N=398)	Yes	370	93.0
	No	28	7.0
Women’s who consult partner before testing current HIV test (N=398)	Yes	349	87.7
	No	49	12.3
Partner Life time HIV risk	Yes	26	6.4
	No	364	89.0
	I do not know	19	4.6
Partner HIV ever tested history	Yes	349	85.3
	No	60	14.7
Partner disclosure history of HIV test result (N=349)	Yes	304	87.1
	No	45	12.9
Partner willingness to HIV test currently	Yes	374	91.4
	No	35	8.6
Partner reason for current HIV test refusal (N= 35)	Inability to cope stress of being positive	18	51.4
	Fear of community rejection or stigma	14	40.0
	I do not know	3	8.6
Kinds of partner support (N= 357)	Financial support	87	24.4
	Psychological support	40	11.2
	Both financial and psychological support	230	64.4

Figure 1 Level of male partner involvement in PMTCT among pregnant mothers who have ANC follow-up.

Table 4 Association Between Male Partner Involvement in ANC/PMTCT and Each Explanatory Variable (Crude & Adjusted OR) of Pregnant Women Who Came to ANC Clinics in the Selected Health Centers for ANC/PMTCT Service in Hawassa Town, Southern Ethiopia, 2018 (N= 409)

	Variable	Male Partner Involvement		COR (95% CI)	AOR (95% CI)
		Low	High
Having birth preparedness plan	Yes	204 (49.9%)	94 (23.0%)	1.37 (0.83, 2.24)
	No	83 (20.3%)	28 (6.8%)	1
FANC visit	First visit	78 (19.1%)	12 (2.9%)	1	1
	Second visit	72 (17.6%)	37 (9.0%)	0.44 (0.19, 1.00)	0.66 (0.27, 1.59)
	Third visit	88 (21.5%)	56 (13.7%)	1.48 (0.75, 2.92)	2.36 (1.09, 5.10)*
	Fourth visit	49 (12.0%)	17 (4.2%)	0.06 (0.96, 3.49)	3.49 (1.65, 7.38)*
Birth Place Interest	Home by TBA	67 (16.4%)	13 (3.2%)	1	1
	Health facility	220 (53.8%)	109 (26.7%)	2.55 (1.35, 4.83)*	3.01(1.16, 7.84)*
Awareness about partner monthly income	Yes	168 (41.1%)	100 (24.4%)	3.22 (1.92, 5.40)*	2.17(1.15, 4.11)*
	No	119 (29.1%)	22 (5.4%)	1	1
Maternal own monthly income	Yes	115 (28.1%)	115 (28.1%)	2.47 (1.59, 3.82)*
	No	172 (42.1%)	46 (11.2%)	1
Source of family saving scheme	Partner saving	99 (24.2%)	35 (8.6%)	2.69 (1.34, 5.39)*	2.99 (1.39, 6.43)*
	Self saving	52 (12.7%)	48 (11.7%)	7.03 (3.49, 14.14)*	8.59 (3.92, 18.82)*
	Both partner saving	37 (9.0%)	26 (6.4%)	5.35 (2.49, 11.50)*	5.13 (2.21, 11.92)*
	No saving	99 (24.2%)	13 (3.2%)	1	1
Decision-maker for institutional delivery	Partner	23 (5.6%)	17 (4.2%)	1
	Pregnant women	64 (15.6%)	18 (4.4%)	1.69 (0.87, 3.34)
	Both partner and women	200(48.9%)	87(21.3%)	0.65 (0.36, 1.15)
Pregnancy condition	Wanted	198 (48.4%)	105(25.7%)	2.77 (1.57, 4.91)*
	Unwanted	89 (21.8%)	17 (4.2%)	1
Consulting partner before HIV testing	Yes	230 (57.8%)	119 (29.9%)	7.93 (2.42, 26.04)*	9.30 (2.65, 32.64)*
	No	46 (11.6%)	3 (0.8%)	1	1
Kinds of partner support	Psychological	37 (10.4%)	3 (0.8%)	0.11 (0.03, 0.38)*	0.08 (0.02, 0.29)*
	Financial	64 (17.9%)	23 (6.4%)	0.50 (0.29, 0.86)*	0.33 (0.17, 0.68)*
	Both psychological and financial	134(37.5%)	96 (26.9%)	1	1
Partner previous HIV testing history	Yes	229 (64.0%)	120 (33.5%)	15.2 (3.65, 63.29)*
	No	58 (14.2%)	2 (0.5%)	1
Disclosure of partner previous HIV test result (N=349)	Yes	193 (55.5%)	111 (31.9%)	2.30 (1.07, 4.95)*
	No	36 (10.3%)	9 (2.6%)	1

Abbreviation: NB: *Statistically significant at P < 0.05.