Assessment of Health-Related Quality of Life and Associated Factors Among HIV/AIDS Patients on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) at Ambo General Hospital, West Shewa, Ethiopia

Figures & data

Table 1 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of People Living with HIV/AIDS on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy at AGH, in Ambo, West Shewa, Ethiopia, 2019

Variable	Category	Frequency	Percentage
Sex	Female	168	56.8
	Male	128	43.2
Age (years)	18–30	55	18.6
	31–40	117	39.5
	>40	124	41.9
Educational level	Cannot read and write	85	28.7
	Primary	100	33.8
	Secondary	60	20.3
	Tertiary	51	17.2
Marital status	Single	32	10.8
	Married	186	62.8
	Divorced	42	14.2
	Widowed	36	12.2
Ethnicity	Oromo	227	76.7
	Amhara	54	18.2
	Tigre	2	7
	Other*	13	4.4
Religion	Orthodox	177	59.8
	Muslim	11	3.7
	Protestant	102	34.5
	Other**	6	2.0
Occupation	Farmer	63	21.3
	Government employee	59	19.9
	Trade	17	5.7
	Daily laborer	66	22.3
	Housewife	54	18.2
	Unemployed	25	8.4
	Other***	12	4.1
Residence	Rural	82	27.7
	Urban	214	72.3
Monthly family income	<1500	154	52.0
	≥1500	142	48.0
Having children	Yes	232	78.4
	No	64	21.6

Notes: *Gurage (9), Wolayita (4); **Waqefata (6); ***driver (4), mechanic (1), student (7).

Table 2 Perceived Health Status and Other Health-Related Information of People Living with HIV/AIDS on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy at AGH, in Ambo, West Shewa, Ethiopia, 2019

Variable	Category	Frequency	Percentage
Perceived current health status	Very poor	2	7
	Poor	18	6.1
	Neither poor nor good	49	16.6
	Good	125	42.2
	Very good	102	34.5
Currently ill	Yes	93	31.4
	No	203	68.6
Believed source of HIV infection	Unprotected intercourse	95	32.1
	Injected drug	14	4.7
	Blood product	7	2.4
	Unknown	180	60.8
Duration since testing HIV positive (years)	≤5	104	35.1
	>5	192	64.9
Disclosed HIV status to relative(s)	Yes	264	89.2
	No	32	10.8
Number of family members infected with HIV (n=209)	1	142	67.9
	2	56	26.8
	3	8	3.8
	4	3	1.4
Living environment	Bad	7	2.4
	Neither bad nor good	78	26.4
	Good	139	47.0
	Very good	72	24.3
Family support	Yes	195	65.9
	No	101	34.1
Social relationships	Bad	3	1.0
	Neither bad nor good	18	6.1
	Good	151	51.0
	Very good	124	41.9
Recent experience of HIV stigma and discrimination	Yes	91	30.7
	No	205	69.3

Abbreviation: HIV, human immunodeficiency virus.

Table 3 Health-Related Information and Drug-Taking Behavior of People Living with HIV/AIDS on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy at AGH, in Ambo, West Shewa, Ethiopia, 2019

Variable	Category	Frequency	Percentage
Baseline perceived QoL (before HAART)	Very bad	36	12.2
	Bad	57	19.3
	Neither bad nor good	107	36.1
	Good	88	29.7
	Very good	8	2.7
Ever used any substance	Yes	168	56.8
	No	128	43.2
Currently using any substance	Yes	86	29.1
	No	210	70.9
Type of current substance use (n=93)	Alcohol	66	71.0
	Khat	19	20.4
	Cigarette	8	8.6
Frequency of ART administration per day	1	184	62.2
	2	112	37.8
Regular follow-up for HIV	Yes	260	87.8
	No	36	12.2
Relation with healthcare provider	Bad	3	1.0
	Neither bad nor good	47	15.9
	Good	133	44.9
	Very good	113	38.2

Abbreviations: ART, antiretroviral therapy; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus.

Table 4 Clinical Information of People Living with HIV/AIDS on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy at AGH, in Ambo, West Shewa, Ethiopia, 2019

Variable	Category	Frequency	Percentage
Baseline weight (kg) (before HAART)	<40	18	6.1
	40–60	202	68.2
	>60	76	25.7
Recent weight (kg)	<40	10	3.4
	40–60	165	55.7
	>60	121	40.9
Recent BMI	<18.5	61	20.6
	18.5–24.99	200	67.6
	25–29.99	29	9.8
	>30	6	2.0
Baseline WHO clinical stage (before HAART)	I	72	24.3
	II	87	29.4
	III	128	43.2
	IV	9	3.0
Recent WHO clinical stage	I	85	28.7
	II	200	67.6
	III	11	3.7
Baseline CD4 count (before HAART)	<350	200	67.6
	≥350	96	32.4
Recent CD4 count	<350	44	14.9
	≥350	252	85.1
Baseline VL (n=193) (before HAART)	≤1000	93	48.2
	>1000	100	51.8
Recent VL (n=287)	≤1000	226	78.7
	>1000	61	21.3
Comorbidity	Yes	60	20.3
	No	236	79.7
Type of comorbidity (n=60)	Asthma	14	23.3
	Hypertension	5	8.3
	Heart failure	3	5.0
	Peptic ulcer disease	15	25.0
	Epilepsy	7	11.7
	Other*	16	26.7
OIs	Yes	99	33.4
	No	197	66.6
Type of OI (n=101)	Tuberculosis	22	21.8
	Toxoplasmosis	2	2.0
	Pneumonia	43	42.6
	Urinary tract infection	17	16.8
	Oral candidiasis	9	8.9
	Other**	8	7.9

Notes: *Rheumatoid arthritis (11), major depressive disorder (5); **bacterial infections (6), diarrhea (2).

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index (kg/m²); CD4, CD4 count (cells/mm³); OI opportunistic infection; VL, viral load (copies/mL); WHO, World Health Organization.

Table 5 Drug-Related Information of People Living with HIV/AIDS on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy at AGH, in Ambo, West Shewa, Ethiopia, 2019

Variable	Category	Frequency	Percentage
CPT	Yes	258	87.2
	No	38	12.8
IPT	Yes	92	31.1
	No	204	68.9
Type of initial HAART regimen	D4T/3TC/NVP	22	7.4
	D4T/3TC/EFV	12	4.1
	AZT/3TC/NVP	60	20.3
	AZT/3TC/EFV	20	6.8
	TDF/3TC/EFV	176	59.5
	TDF/3TC/NVP	6	2.0
Total duration on HAART (years)	<1	4	1.4
	1–5	93	31.4
	5–10	127	42.9
	>10	72	24.3
Initial regimen change	Yes	56	18.9
	No	240	81.1
Reasons for regimen change (n=57)	Toxicity	24	42.1
	Treatment failure	16	28.1
	New TB	8	14.0
	Not documented	9	15.8
ADRs (n= 293)	Yes	98	33.4
	No	195	66.6

Abbreviations: ADR, adverse drug reaction; CPT, cotrimoxazole preventive therapy; HAART, highly active antiretroviral therapy; IPT, ionized preventive therapy.

Table 6 Mean Scores and Cronbach’s Alpha of HRQoL Domains for People Living with HIV/AIDS on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy at AGH, in Ambo, West Shewa, Ethiopia, 2019

HRQoL Domain	Cronbach’s α	Mean Score (SD) (Out of 20)
Physical	0.933	15.07 (3.470)
Psychological	0.934	14.78 (3.246)
Level of independence	0.932	14.63 (3.318)
Social relationships	0.956	13.85 (2.900)
Environmental	0.939	14.31 (2.605)
Spirituality, religion and personal beliefs (SRPB)	0.950	14.15 (3.239)
Overall HRQoL	0.951	14.50 (2.820)

Abbreviation: HRQoL, health-related quality of life.

Figure 1 Level of HRQoL across the six domains for people living with HIV/AIDS on highly active antiretroviral therapy at AGH, in Ambo, West Shewa, Ethiopia, 2019.

Figure 2 Level of overall HRQoL for people living with HIV/AIDS on highly active antiretroviral therapy at AGH, in Ambo, West Shewa, Ethiopia, 2019.

Table 7 Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis of Factors Associated with Overall HRQoL of HIV Patients on HAART at AGH, in Ambo, West Shewa, Ethiopia, 2019

Factors Associated with Overall HRQoL		Low Overall HRQoL		COR	P-value	AOR	95% CI		P-value
		Yes	No				Lower	Upper
Marital status	Single	25	7
	Married	78	108	4.95	0.000	4.41	1.22	16.00	0.024
	Divorced	27	15	1.98	0.201	0.64	0.15	2.80	0.558
	Widowed	27	9	1.19	0.762	0.33	0.07	1.66	0.180
Monthly family income	<1500	98	56
	≥1500	59	83	2.46	0.000	4.27	2.00	9.11	0.000
Current illness	Yes	84	9
	No	73	130	16.6	0.000	32.29	11.59	89.97	0.000
Number of family members HIV positive	0	55	32
	1	59	83	2.42	0.002	4.03	1.63	9.98	0.003
	2	33	23	1.20	0.607	0.79	0.26	2.39	0.675
	≥3	10	1	0.172	0.100	0.03	0.002	0.433	0.011
Recent WHO clinical stage	I	21	64
	II	129	71	0.181	0.000	0.07	0.03	0.18	0.000
	III	7	4	0.188	0.013	0.20	0.04	1.10	0.064

Abbreviations: COR, crude odds ratio; AOR, adjusted odds ratio.