Predictors of Change in Weight Among People Living with HIV on Antiretroviral Treatment in West Hararghe Zone, Ethiopia: A Retrospective Longitudinal Study

Figures & data

Figure 1 Flowchart depicting selection process of study participants.

Table 1 Baseline Characteristics of PLWH in West Hararghe Zone, Eastern Ethiopia, 2013 to 2019

Variables	Category	Frequency (n=558)	Percent (%)
Sex	Male	204	36.6
	Female	354	63.4
Marital status	Single	71	12.7
	Married	303	54.3
	Divorced	87	15.6
	Widowed	62	11.1
	Separated	35	6.3
Occupational status	Government employed	58	10.4
	Non-government employed	138	24.7
	Farmer	106	19.0
	Jobless	162	29
	Others	94	16.8
Place of residence	Urban	350	62.7
	Rural	208	37.3
Educational status	Uneducated	167	29.9
	Primary	204	36.6
	Secondary	110	19.7
	Tertiary and above	77	13.8
RVI stage	Stage I	285	51.1
	Stage II	92	16.5
	Stage III	157	28.1
	Stage IV	24	4.3
Functional	Working	470	84.2
	Ambulatory	70	12.5
	Bedridden	18	3.2
Adherence	Good	482	86.4
	Fair	30	5.4
	Poor	46	8.2
TB co-infection	Yes	459	82.3
	No	99	17.7
OIP	Yes	492	88.2
	No	66	11.8
CD4 Count	Less than or equal to 200	200	35.8
	Greater than 200	358	64.2
ART regimen	AZT, 3TC, NVP	30	5.4
	AZT, 3TC, EFV	24	4.3
	TDF, 3TC, NVP	18	3.2
	TDF, 3TC, EFV	486	87.1

Note: Others = Daily laborer, Driver, Merchant.

Abbreviations: AZT, zidovudine; 3TC, lamivudine; NVP, nevirapine; EFV, efavirenz; PLWH, people Living with HIV; RVI, retroviral infection; TB, tuberculosis; OIP, opportunistic infection prophylaxis; ART, antiretroviral therapy.

Figure 2 Individual profile plot for longitudinal weight trajectory among PLWH at public hospitals in west Hararghe zone, Eastern Ethiopia, 2013 to 2019.

Figure 3 Overall mean weights for PLWH in West Hararghe Zone, Eastern Ethiopia 2013 to 2019.

Table 2 Average Baseline and Follow-Up Values of Weight for PLWH in West Hararghe Zone, Eastern Ethiopia 2013 to 2019

Follow-Up Period	Weight in Kilograms
	N	Mean (±SD)
Baseline	558	53.54 (10.30)
3rd month	558	54.40 (9.89)
5th month	550	55.08 (9.86)
7th month	531	55.59 (9.88)
9th month	510	56.04 (9.86)
11th month	493	56.16 (9.78)
13th month	471	56.38 (9.94)
15th month	458	56.28 (10.14)
17th month	439	56.57 (10.20)
19th month	417	56.68 (10.35)
21st month	406	56.67 (10.39)
23rd month	376	56.70 (10.56)
25th month	356	56.89 (10.99)
27th month	327	56.97 (11.39)
29th month	301	56.75 (11.28)
31st month	281	56.84 (11.37)
33rd month	269	57.11 (11.62)
35th month	259	57.39 (11.53)
37th month	235	57.44 (11.91)
39th month	210	57.41 (12.18)
41st month	194	56.69 (11.46)
43rd month	181	56.48 (11.68)
45th month	169	56.46 (11.49)
47th month	149	56.64 (11.78)
49th month	121	57.07 (13.20)
51st month	99	57.61 (13.68)
53rd month	89	58.14 (14.09)
55th month	78	57.14 (11.96)
57th month	62	56.60 (12.50)
59th month	52	56.08 (12.13)
61st month	36	55.94 (13.14)
63rd month	21	55.19 (13.91)
65th month	10	55.50 (13.79)

Table 3 Model Comparison for Longitudinal Models Using Likelihood Ratio Test

Model	Log-Likelihood	LR	P-value
Random intercept model	−24585.04
Random intercept and slope model	−23410.89	2348.316	< 0.001

Abbreviation: LR, likelihood ratio.

Table 4 Linear Mixed Effect Model for Predictors of Longitudinal Changes in Weight Over Time for PLWH, 2013 to 2019

Variables	Category	Beta	P-value	95% CI
Intercept	–	51.036	<0.001	44.748, 57.323
Time	–	0.089	<0.001	0.075, 0.104
Sex	Male	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
	Female	−5.514	<0.001	−7.260, −3.768
Age		0.136	0.004	0.044, 0.227
Educational status	Uneducated	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
	Primary	2.403	0.012	0.540, 4.266
	Secondary	4.035	0.001	1.666, 6.404
	Tertiary and above	3.444	0.030	−0.330, 6.558
Occupational status	Government employed	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
	Non-government employed	0.023	0.989	−3.202, 3.248
	Farmer	−0.435	0.809	−3.958, 3.089
	Jobless	−1.281	0.439	−4.527, 1.965
	Others	2.548	0.159	−1.000, 6.096
RVI stage	Stage I	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
	Stage II	−1.393	0.194	−3.497, 0.712
	Stage III	−1.325	0.199	−3.349, 0.700
	Stage IV	−0.626	0.778	−4.989, 3.737
Functional	Working	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
	Ambulatory	−3.419	0.015	−6.169, −0.668
	Bedridden	−2.656	0.285	−7.531, 2.219
Adherence	Good	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
	Fair	−2.144	0.223	−5.593, 1.305
	Poor	−1.247	0.432	−4.364, 1.870
TB co-infection	No	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
	Yes	−1.922	0.093	−4.164, 0.319
Baseline CD4	≤200	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
	>200	2.205	0.007	0.593, 3.817
ART regimen	AZT, 3TC, NVP	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
	AZT, 3TC, EFZ	3.324	0.177	−1.509, 8.157
	TDF, 3TC, NVP	−1.502	0.574	−6.743, 3.739
	TDF, 3TC, EFZ	0.473	0.783	−2.893, 3.814
Variance component
SD of intercept		8.455
SD of time		0.115
Residual SD		3.004

Note: Others=Daily worker, Drivers, Merchant. Bold indicates that variables are significantly associated with the outcome.

Abbreviations: Ref, reference category; SD, standard deviation; RVI, retroviral infection.