Determinants of Virological Failure Among Patients on First-line Antiretroviral Therapy in Central Oromia, Ethiopia: A Case–Control Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Sociodemographic Characteristics of Patients Receiving ART in Central Oromia, Ethiopia, 2018

Variables	Cases	Controls
	N (%)	N (%)
Age (at enrollment)
<15 years	60 (23.8)	17 (6.7)
≥15 years	192 (76.2)	235 (93.3)
Sex
Female	152 (60.3)	155 (61.5)
Male	100 (39.7)	97 (38.5)
Marital status
Married	85 (33.7)	132 (52.4)
Divorce	33 (13.1)	32 (12.7)
Widowed	40 (15.9)	37 (14.7)
Never married	94 (37.3)	51 (20.2)
Religion
Orthodox	204 (81.0)	208 (82.5)
Muslim	22 (8.7)	26 (10.3)
Protestant	21 (8.3)	17 (6.7)
Other	5 (2.0)	1 (0.4)
Level of education
No education	75 (29.8)	66 (26.2)
Primary	100 (39.7)	106 (42.1)
Secondary	59 (23.4)	58 (23.0)
Tertiary	6 (2.4)	19 (7.5)
Other	12 (4.8)	3 (1.2)
Residence
Urban	181 (71.8)	210 (83.3)
Rural	71 (28.2)	42 (16.7)

Table 2 Clinical Characteristics of Patients Receiving ART in Central Oromia, Ethiopia, 2018

Variables	Cases	Controls
	N (%)	N (%)
CD4 (baseline)
<100	60 (23.8)	34 (13.5)
100–199	71 (28.2)	68 (27.0)
200–349	67 (26.6)	82 32.5)
≥350	37 (14.7)	56 (22.2)
Not documented	17 (6.7)	12 (4.8)
WHO Stage (baseline)
Stages I and& II	110 (43.7)	136 (54.0)
Stages III and IV	142 (56.3)	116 (46.0)
Recent TB screening
Positive	8 (3.2)	2 (0.8)
Negative	244 (96.8)	250 (99.2)
History of TB Rx
No	192 (76.2)	193 (76.6)
Yes	60 (23.8)	59 (23.4)
Nutritional status (baseline)
Normal	126 (50.0)	176 (69.8)
Malnutrition	85 (33.7)	59 (23.4)
Not documented	41 (16.3)	17 (6.7)

Table 3 Antiretroviral Medication-related Characteristics of Patients Receiving ART in Central Oromia, Ethiopia, 2018

Variables	Cases	Controls
	N (%)	N (%)
Duration on ART
≤5 years	56 (22.2)	79 (31.3)
>5 years	196 (77.8)	173 (68.7)
Regimen type
TDF-3TC-EFV	62 (24.6)	127 (50.4)
TDF-3TC-NVP	26 (10.3)	24 (9.5)
AZT-3TC-EFV	21 (8.3)	29 (11.5)
AZT-3TC-NVP	58 (23.0)	67 (26.6)
Other	85 (33.7)	5 (2.0)
Regimen shift or substitution
No	107 (42.5)	182 (72.2)
Yes	145 (57.5)	70 (27.8)

Table 4 Determinants of Virological Failure Among Patients on ART in Central Oromia, Ethiopia, 2018

	Case		Control	COR (95%CI)	AOR (95%CI)
	N (%)		N (%)
Age
≥15 years	192 (76.2)		235 (93.3)	1.00	1.00
<15 years	60 (23.8)		17 (6.7)	4.32 (2.44–7.65)	3.71 (1.7–8.1)**
CD4 (baseline)
≥350	37 (14.7)		56 (22.2)	1.00	1.00
<100	60 (23.8)		34 (13.5)	2.67 (1.5–4.8)	2.31 (1.1–5.1)*
100–199	71 (28.2)		68 (27.0)	1.58 (0.9–2.7)	1.41 (0.7–2.9)
200–349	67 (26.6)		82 (32.5)	1.24 (0.7–2.1)	1.04 (0.5–2.1)
Not documented	17 (6.7)		12 (4.8)	2.14 (0.9–5.0)	0.55 (0.1–2.2)
Regimen type
TDF-3TC-EFV	62 (24.6)		127 (50.4)	1.00	1.00
TDF-3TC-NVP	26 (10.3)		24 (9.5)	2.22 (1.2–4.2)	2.81 (1.3–6.2)**
AZT-3TC-EFV	21 (8.3)		29 (11.5)	1.48 (0.8–2.8)	1.19 (0.5–2.7)
AZT-3TC-NVP	58 (23.0)		67 (26.6)	1.77 (1.1–2.8)	1.18 (0.6–2.3)
Other	85 (33.7)		5 (2.0)	34.82 (13.4–90.2)	35.91 (11.7–110.1)
Poor adherence
No	161 (63.9)		237 (94.0)	1.00	1.00
Yes	91 (36.1)		15 (6.0)	8.93 (5.0–16.0)	11.19 (5.7–22.2)***
Disclosure status
Disclosed	205 (81.3)		238 (94.4)	1.00	1.00
Not disclosed	47 (18.7)		14 (5.6)	3.89 (2.09–7.28)	6.77 (3.2–14.2)***

Notes: *P-value less than alpha (0.05), **P-value less than 0.01, ***P-value less than 0.001. All results reported in this final model were adjusted for all the variables in the table.

Abbreviations: AOR, adjusted odds ratio; COR, crude odds ratio.