Predictors of Discrimination Towards People Living with HIV/AIDS Among People Aged 15–49 Years in Ethiopia: A Multilevel Analysis

Figures & data

Table 1 Individual and Community-Level Characteristics of 15 to 49 Age People in Ethiopia, EDHS 2016 (n=25,927)

Variables	Number	Percent
Sex of the respondent
Male	11,328	43.7
Female	14,599	56.3
Age in year
15–19	5563	21.5
20–24	4481	17.3
25–29	4700	18.1
30–34	3798	14.6
35–39	3142	12.1
40–44	2386	9.2
45–49	1857	7.2
Religion
Orthodox	11,615	44.8
Protestant	5987	23.1
Muslim	7802	30.1
Others*	523	2.0
Educational status
No education	9704	37.4
Primary	10,760	41.5
Secondary	3584	13.8
Higher	1879	7.3
Household Wealth index
Poorest	3992	15.4
Poorer	4580	17.6
Middle	4947	19.1
Richer	5393	20.8
Richest	7015	27.1
Marital status
Never married	8511	32.8
Married/union	16,071	62.0
Widowed/divorced	1345	5.2
Media exposure
Yes	13,720	52.9
No	12,207	47.1
Internet use
Yes	2296	8.9
No	23,631	91.1
Ever tested for HIV
Yes	12,215	47.1
No	13,712	52.9
Residence
Urban	5708	22
Rural	20,219	78
Region
Developed	24,824	95.7
Developing	1103	4.3
Community-level of wealth
A high proportion of rich	16,638	64.2
A Low proportion of rich	9289	35.8
Community-level of education
A High proportion of educated	7636	29.5
A Low proportion of educated	18,291	70.5
Community-level of media exposure
A High proportion of exposed	11,157	43
A Low proportion of exposed	14,770	57
Community-level of HIV test
A High proportion of tested	12,477	48.1
A Low proportion of tested	13,450	51.9

Note: *Catholic and traditional religion follower.

Table 2 Multilevel Logistic Regression Analysis of Individual and Community-Level Factors Associated with Discrimination Towards PLWHA in Ethiopia, EDHS 2016 (n=25,927)

Variables	COR (95% CI)	Model-0 ICC=36.6%	Model-I (AOR) (95% CI)	Model-II (AOR) (95% CI)	Model-III (AOR) (95% CI)
Sex of the respondent
Male	1		1		1
Female	1.86 (1.56, 2.22)		1.42 (1.15, 1.75)		1.47 (1.18, 1.83)
Age in year
15–19	1		1		1
20–24	0.91 (0.79, 1.04)		0.91 (0.79, 1.06)		0.91 (0.79, 1.06)
25–29	1.14 (0.98, 1.33)		0.91 (0.75,1.09)		0.92 (0.76, 1.11)
30–34	1.39 (1.20, 1.62)		0.84 (0.70, 1.01)		0.86 (0.71, 1.04)
35–39	1.48 (1.26, 1.75)		0.83 (0.67, 1.02)		0.85 (0.69, 1.06)
40–44	1.63 (1.37, 1.93)		0.92 (0.75, 1.13)		0.95 (0.77, 1.18)
45–49	1.83 (1.51, 2.21)		0.99 (0.78, 1.25)		1.02 (0.80, 1.30)
Religion
Orthodox	1		1		1
Protestant	1.22 (1.00, 1.50)		1.32 (1.08, 1.61)		1.24 (1.01, 1.52)
Muslim	1.54 (1.25, 1.89)		1.24 (1.06,1.46)		1.09 (0.92, 1.28)
Others*	1.75 (1.06, 2.90)		1.91 (1.18, 3.08)		1.75 (1.09, 2.81)
Educational status
No education	11.7 (9.19, 14.80)		6.05 (4.67, 7.82)		5.88 (4.50, 7.67)
Primary	4.72 (3.84, 5.81)		3.06 (2.44, 3.83)		3.03 (2.40, 3.81)
Secondary	1.84 (1.50, 2.26)		1.47 (1.20, 1.81)		1.48 (1.19, 1.82)
Higher	1		1		1
Household Wealth index
Poorest	3.83 (3.04, 4.83)		2.09 (1.69, 2.59)		1.45 (1.13, 1.86)
Poorer	3.23 (2.62, 3.99)		2.02 (1.67, 2.44)		1.49 (1.19, 1.87)
Middle	2.61 (2.16, 3.15)		1.77 (1.47, 2.12)		1.34 (1.09, 1.65)
Richer	1.82 (1.50, 2.20)		1.45 (1.21, 1.73)		1.12 (0.91, 1.38)
Richest	1		1		1
Marital status
Never married	1		1		1
Married/union	1.88 (1.70, 2.08)		1.41 (1.23, 1.62)		1.35 (1.18, 1.56)
Widowed/divorced	1.72 (1.41, 2.10)		0.99 (0.80, 1.24)		0.99 (0.79, 1.24)
Media exposure
Yes	1		1		1
No	1.99 (1.75, 2.27)		1.20 (1.1, 1.38)		1.18 (1.03, 1.37)
Internet use
Yes	1		1		1
No	3.68 (3.07, 4.41)		1.43 (1.16, 1.76)		1.34 (1.09, 1.66)
Ever tested for HIV
Yes	1		1		1
No	1.42 (1.29, 1.57)		1.34 (1.20, 1.49)		1.28 (1.15, 1.42)
Residence
Urban	1			1	1
Rural	7.39 (6.26, 8.72)			2.46 (1.96, 3.07)	1.65 (1.23, 2.21)
Region
Developed	1			1	1
Developing	1.95 (1.52, 2.49)			1.16 (0.98, 1.38)	1.40 (1.1, 1.78)
Community-level of wealth
High proportion of rich	1			1	1
Low proportion of rich	4.64 (3.86, 5.58)			1.40 (1.17, 1.67)	1.17 (0.96, 1.43)
Community-level of education
A High proportion educated	1			1	1
A Low proportion educated	6.60 (5.60, 7.78)			2.02 (1.64, 2.50)	1.33 (1.07, 1.65)
Community-level of media exposure
A High proportion exposed	1			1	1
A Low proportion exposed	4.63 (3.85, 5.56)			1.08 (0.89, 1.31)	0.90 (0.74, 1.10)
Community-level of HIV test
A High proportion tested	1			1	1
A Low proportion tested	5.16 (4.34, 6.13)			1.82 (1.53, 2.16)	1.61 (1.33, 1.93)

Notes: *Catholic and traditional religion follower. Bold numbers are factors associated with HIV-related discrimination in the final model.

Table 3 Measure of Variation for Discrimination Towards PLWHA Among 15 to 49 Year People at Cluster Level in Multilevel Logistic Regression Analysis, EDHS 2016

Measure of Variation	Model-0 (Null)	Model-I	Model -II	Model-III
Variance	1.92	0.51	0.45	0.42
ICC (%)	36.6	13.4	12.03	11.32
PCV (%)	Reference	72.9	76.56	78.13
MOR	28.8	4.04	3.71	3.56
Model fitness
Log-likelihood	−7770.1286	−13684.123	−14408.869	−13375.254