Joint Modeling in Detecting Predictors of CD4 Cell Count and Status of Tuberculosis Among People Living with HIV/AIDS Under HAART at Felege Hiwot Teaching and Specialized Hospital, North-West Ethiopia

Figures & data

Table 1 Baseline Characteristics of Potential Predictors for HIV/AIDS Patients

Characteristics	Category	TB Status		Mean CD4 Cell Count	Percent
		Yes	No
Sex	Male	15	30	327.07	19.9
	Female	38	143	372.42	80.1
Marital status	Single	15	33	378.64	21.2
	Married	21	86	393.21	47.3
	Separated	2	14	297.35	7.2
	Divorced	11	29	309.57	17.7
	Widowed	4	11	315.80	6.6
Residence area	Urban	12	77	381.24	39.4
	Rural	41	95	351.79	60.6
Educational level	No education	21	49	416.92	31.0
	Primary	11	47	379.42	25.7
	Secondary	14	42	305.62	24.8
	Tertiary	7	35	335.62	18.5
Occupation	Unemployed	17	49	388.59	28.8
	Employed	23	73	334.93	42.5
	Others	14	51	379.89	28.7
Functional status	Ambulatory	4	12	194.49	7.1
	Bedridden	6	9	135.68	6.6
	Working	123	36	401.26	70.4
	Others	7	29	366.57	15.9
Opportunistic infections	No	38	97	391.12	59.7
	Yes	15	76	322.24	40.3
HIV/AIDS stages	Stage 1	4	78	408.02	36.3
	Stage 2	4	64	356.22	30.1
	Stage 3	25	27	325.25	23
	Stage 4	18	6	315.15	10.6
Medication dherence status	No	6	10	108.32	7.1
	Yes	46	164	383.35	92.9
BMI	Underweight	26	38	316.4	28.3
	Normal	25	106	366.7	58
	Overweight	3	28	444.9	13.7
Social support	No	28	81	444.9	48.2
	Yes	25	92	366.75	51.8
TB Status	No	60			26.55
	Yes	166			73.45
Age Mean (Std.dev)	33.15 (7.79)
Weight Mean (Std.dev)	53.19 (9.55)
Hemoglobin Mean (Std. dev)	11.73 (2.46)
Base line CD4 cell count Mean (Std.dev)	363.38 (227.68)

Abbreviations: Std.dev, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index; TB, tuberculosis.

Table 2 Parameter Estimates of CD4 Cell Count, with Unstructured Covariance Structure

Effect	Estimate	Std.Err	95% CI	p-value
Intercept	13.593	3.163	(7.359, 19.837)	<0.0001*
Time in months	0.200	0.037	(0.177, 0.273)	<0.0001*
Age	−0.128	0.033	(−0.194, −0.063)	0.0001*
Educational level (ref=tertiary
No education	3.619	3.318	(−2.893, 10.131)	0.2757
Primary	−4.327	3.027	(−10.268, 1.615)	0.1533
Secondary	−6.712	3.091	(−12.780, −0.645)	0.0302
Func.st. (ref=working)
Ambulatory	−3.053	0.946	(−4.911, −1.196)	0.0013*
Bedridden	−3.750	1.077	(−5.863, −1.638)	0.0005*
Medication adherence (ref=non-adherent)
Adherent	4.632	0.570	(3.514, 5.751)	<0.0001*
Dietary adherence (Ref. =no)
Yes	2.632	0.970	(1.514, 4.751)	<0.0001*
Social support (Ref.= no)
Yes	1.832	0.380	(1.314, 5.651)	<0.0001*
Ownership of Cell phone (Ref.=no)
Yes	1.832	0.380	(1.314, 5.651)	<0.0001*
BMI (Ref.=under)
Normal	−0.114	0.512	(−1.218, - 0.891)	0.0246*
Overweight	−0.217	0.587	(−1.232, −0.0922)	0.0181
Underweight	0.068	0.026	(0.016, 0.120)	0.0097*
WHO stage (Ref= st.4)
Stage 1	2.194	0.572	(1.071, 3.317)	0.0001*
Stage 2	1.748	0.574	(0.622, 2.874)	0.0024*
Stage 3	0.374	0.112	(0.155, 0.593)	0.0008*
Hemoglobin	1.201	0.382	(0.451, 1.952)	0.0017*
TB (Ref=no)
Yes	−2.340	0.443	(−3.209, −1.471)	<0.0001*
Disclosure of disease (Ref.= no)
Yes	1.201	0.382	(0.451, 1.952)	0.0017*
Opportunistic infections (Ref.=no)
Yes	−2.340	0.443	(−3.209, −1.471)	< 0.0001*
Sex (Ref.= female)
Male	−2.340	0.443	(−3.209, −1.471)	< 0.0001*
Residence area (Ref.=rural)
Urban	1.201	0.382	(0.451, 1.952)	0.0017*

Note: *Statistically significant at 5% confidence level.

Table 3 Parameter Estimates of TB Status, Binary Logistic Regression Models Data Analysis

Effect	Estimate	Std. Err	95% CI for AOR	p-value
Intercept	3.136	2.011	23.01(4.19, 212.94)	0.0017*
Residence area (Ref=urban)
Rural	1.839	0.644	6.29(1.78, 22.25)	0.0043*
Func.st. (Ref=working)
Ambulatory	0.136	1.125	1.146(0.126, 10.423)	0.036*
Bedridden	3.171	1.037	23.831(3.121, 182.00)	0.0022*
Marital status. (Ref= living without partner)
Living with partner	−0.698	1.164	0.498(0.051, 4.879)	0.5486
AIDS stage (Ref=st.4)
Stage 1	−7.896	0.728	0.04(0.01, 0.02)	< 0.01*
Stage 2	−7.550	0.694	0.005(0.0001, 0.002)	<0.01*
Stage 3	−3.729	0.667	0.024(0.006, 0.089)	<0.01)*
Weight	−0.101	0.024	0.904(0.862, 0.946)	<0.0001 *
CD4 cell count	−0.004	0.001	0.996(0.994, 0.998)	<0.0001*
Medication adherence (Ref.=no)
Yes	−0.004	0.001	0.996(0.994, 0.998)	<0.0001*
Dietary adherence (Ref.=no)
Yes	−0.004	0.001	0.996(0.994, 0.998)	<0.0001*

Note: *Statistically significant at 5% confidence level.

Table 4 Parameter Estimates of CD4 Cell Count and TB Status Using Joint Model

Effect	TB Status			CD4 Cell Count
	Estimate	Std.Err	P-value	Estimate	Std. Err	P- value
Intercept	6.467	2.687	0.0162	7.857	1.863	<0.0001
Time	−0.054	0.018	0.0025*	0.205	0.010	<0.01*
Age	−0.025	0.031	0.026*	−0.099	0.022	<0.0001*
Residence (ref=urban)
Rural	1.307	0.531	0.0139*	−0.050	0.401	0.1013*
Educ.Level (ref=tertiary)
No education	0.104	0.881	0.9064	1.459	0.633	0.0212
Primary	−1.387	0.901	0.1240	−0.200	0.630	0.7513
Secondary	1.701	0.952	0.0739	−1.017	0.645	0.1150
Func.Stat (ref=working)
Ambulatory	0.568	0.941	0.0458*	−3.915	0.677	<0.0001*
Bedridden	3.002	0.864	0.0005*	−4.617	0.695	<0.0001*
Other	1.160	0.689	0.0925*	−1.637	0.516	0.0015*
Ols (ref=yes)
No	0.613	0.574	0.2849	1.542	0.429	0.0003
Medication adherence (ref= non-adherent)
Adherent	−1.010	0.657	0.1046*	4.379	0.427	<0.0001*
AIDS stage. (ref=stage 4)
Stage 1	−9.131	0.698	<0.0001*	2.481	0.370	<0.0001*
Stage 2	−8.960	0.674	<0.0001*	1.107	0.364	0.0016
Stage 3	−4.048	0.610	<0.0001*	0.030	0.372	0.0162*
Weight	−0.146	0.032	<0.0001*	0.030	0.018	<0.0001*
Hemoglobin	−0.402	0.097	<0.0001*	0.587	0.073	<0.0001*
BMI (ref=underweight)
Normal	−0.528	0.433	0.2224	0.690	0.279	0.0134
Overweight	−1.286	0.233	0.1963	1.856	0.500	0.0002
Social sup.(ref=yes)
No	0.531	0.488	0.0260*	−1.100	0.371	0.0033*
Time*educational level (Ref.=Tertiary)
Time*no education	0.155	0.031	<0.0001*	0.190	0.016	<0.0001*
Time*primary	0.144	0.042	0.0007*	0.246	0.019	<0.0001*
Time*secondary	0.003	0.043	0.0455*	0.203	0.021	<0.0001*

Note: *Statistically significant at 5% confidence level.