Antiretroviral Treatment Adherence Level and Associated Factors Among Adult HIV-Positive Patients on Both HIV/AIDS Care Models: Comparative Study in Selected Hospitals of Western Ethiopia, 2019

Figures & data

Table 1 Socioeconomic and Demographic Characteristics of ART Patients on Routine and Appointment Scheduling at West Wollega Zone Hospitals in 2019 (N=Total Number of Study Participants)

Variable	Category of Variable	Routine Schedule Types	Schedule Types in ASM	Total Number of Participants (445)	p-value
		N (%)	N (%)	N (%)
Sex	Female	184(56.6%)	70(58.3%)	254(57.07%)	0.83
	Male	141(43.4%)	50(41.7%)	191(42.03%)
	Total	325(100%)	120(100%)	445(100%)
Location of Residence	Urban	224(68.9%)	84(70%)	308(69.2%)	0.91
	Rural	101(31.1%)	36(30%)	137(30.8%)
	Total	325(100%)	120(100%)	445(100%)
Marital status	Married	240(73.8%)	87(72.5%)	327(73.5%)	0.22
	Never married	43(13.2%)	12(10%)	55(12.4%)
	Divorced	28(8.6%)	10(8.3%)	38(8.5%)
	Widowed	14(4.3%)	11(9.2%)	25(5.6%)
	Total	325(100%)	120(100%)	445(100%)
Literacy status	Incapable of reading and writing	41(12.6%)	18(15%)	59(13.3%)	0.35
	Only read and write.	9(2.8%)	1(0.8%)	10(2.2%0
	1st through 8th grades	170(52.3%)	53(44.2%0	223(50.1%)
	Grade 9–12	77(23.7%)	35(29.2%)	112(25.2%)
	A diploma or higher	28(8.6%)	13(10.8%)	41(9.2%)
	Total	325(100%)	120(100%)	445(100%)

Table 2 Clinical Factors Characteristics of ART Patients on the Routine and Appointment Scheduling Models at Selected West Wollega Zone Hospitals in 2019 (N=Total Number of Study Participants)

Variable	Variable Classification	Routine Schedule Types.	Schedule Types in ASM	Total Participants (445)	p-value
		N (%)	N (%)	N (%)
Elapsed time since HIV/AIDS diagnosis	<5 years	95(29.2%)	32(27%)	127(28.6%)	0.72
	≥5 years	230(70.8%)	87(73%)	317(71.4%)
	Total	325(100%)	119(100%)	444(100%)
Time since ART drug initiation	<5 years	101(31.1%)	35(29.4%)	136(30.6%)	0.83
	≥5 years	224(68.9%)	84(70.6%)	308(69.4%)
	Total	325(100%)	119(100%)	444(100%)
Baseline CD4 Count (cells/mm3)	<200	127(43.6)	40(4%)	167(42.7%)	0.25
	200–350	95(32.6%)	28(28%)	123(31.5%)
	>350	69(23.7%)	32(32%)	101(25.8%)
	Total	291(100%)	100(100%)	391(100%)
WHO clinical stage baseline	Stage one	98(30.2%)	29(24.2%)	127(28.5%)	0.45
	Stage two	94(28.9%)	32(26.7%)	126(28.3%)
	Stage three	119(36.6%)	53(44.2%)	172(38.7%)
	Stage four	14(4.3%)	6(4.9%)	20(4.5%)
	Total	325(100%)	120(100%)	445(100%)
CD4 count result within six month (cell/mm^3) of data collection period	< 200	29(10.1%)	9(8.1%)	38(9.6%)	0.78
	≥ 200	257(89.9%)	101(91.9%)	358(90.4%)
	Total	286(100%)	110(100%)	397(100%)
Viral load result within one year (copies/mL) of data collection period	<1000	225(79.2%)	94(94%)	319(83.1%)	0.22
	≥ 1000	59(20.8%)	6(6%)	65(16.9%)
	Total	284(100%)	100(100%)	384(100%)
Other types of medical problems that can occur	Hypertension	4(75%)	1(66.7%)	5(71.4%)	0.64
	Deafness	1(25%)	1(33.3%)	2(28.6%)
	Total	5(100%)	2(100%)	7(100%)
Participants’ satisfaction with clinical services	Yes	274(84.3%)	97(80%)	371(84%)	0.46
	No	51(15.7%)	23(20%)	74(74%)
	Total	325(100%)	120(100%)	445(100%)
Distance from patients’ residency to utilizing health services	1–3km	119(119%)	64(53.3%)	183(41.1%)	0.02
	4–6km	90(27.7%)	22(18.3%)	112(25.2%)
	7–12	59(18.2%)	17(14.2%)	76(17.1%)
	≤13km	57(17.5%)	17(14.2%)	74(16.6%)
	Total	325(100%)	120(100%)	445(100%)

Table 3 Socio-Demographic, Health-Care Delivery-Related and Behavioral Factors That Were Independently Associated with ART Adherence Level to ARV Drugs Among ART Patients on a Routine Schedule at Selected West Wollega Zone Hospitals in 2019

Variable	Variable Classification	Study Participants on a Routine Schedule
		Level of Adherence		COR (95% CI)	AOR (95%)	P-value
		Optimum	Suboptimum
Residency status	Urban	173(77.2%)	51(22.8%)	1	1	1
	Rural	67(66.3%)	34(33.7%)	0.58(0.34–0.97)	1.02(0.36–2.85)	0.96
Occupation status	Government employees	28(84.8%)	5(15.2%)	1	1	1
	Merchant	71(78%)	61(22%)	0.63(0.21–1.85)	0.49(0.09–2.51)	0.39
	House wife	57(68.7%)	26(31.3%)	0.39(0.13–1.12)	0.39(0.07–2.0)	0.26
	Daily laborer	40(72.7%)	15(27.3%)	0.47(0.15–1.46)	1.67(0.24–11.34)	0.60
	Farmer	19(73%)	7(27%)	0.48(0.13–1.75)	0.32(0.49–2.10)	0.23
	Students	16(76.2%)	5(23.8%)	0.57(0.14–2.27)	0.45(0.05–3.74)	0.46
	Other**	9(56.3%)	7(43.7%)	0.23(0.05–0.09)	0.22(0.02–1.90)	0.17
Active alcoholic drinker	Yes	3(21.4%)	11(78.6%)	0.08(0.02–0.31)	0.28(0.03–2.15)	0.22
	No	237(76.2%)	74(23.8%)	1	1	1
Satisfaction of participants with health service delivery	Yes	218(79.6%)	56(20.4%)	1	1	1
	No	22(43.1%)	29(56.9%)	0.19(0.10–0.36)	0.31(0.11–0.84)	0.02*
Every day, an ART drug dose is taken.	One dose	172(70.5%)	72(29.5%)	1	1	1
	Two dose	68(83.9%)	13(16.1%)	2.19(1.13–4.21)	3.0(1.16–8.12)	0.02*

Notes: 1= reference. *Significant variable. **Other includes soldier, toiler.

Table 4 Independently Associated Social-Clinical and Geographical Factors with ART Adherence Levels to ARV Drugs Among ART Patients on Routine and ASM Schedules at Selected West Wollega Zone Hospitals in 2019

Variable	Variable Classification		Routine Schedule Type Adherence Level						ASM Schedule Type Adherence Level
			Optimum	Suboptimum		COR (95% CI)	AOR (95%)	P-value	Optimum	Suboptimum	COR (95% CI)	AOR (95%)	P-value
Disclosure status	Yes		223(79.6%)	57(20.4%)		1	1	1	87(92.6%)	7(7.4%)	1	1	1
	No		17(37.7%)	25(62.3%)		0.15(0.07–0.30)	0.30(0.09–0.93)	00.03*	17(65.4%)	9(34.6%)	0.15(0.05–0.46)	0.17(0.04–0.72)	0.01*
Distance from the medical facility	1–3km		105(88.2%)	14(11.8%)		1	1		60(93.8%)	4(6.2%)	1	1	1
	4–6km		73(81.1%)	17(18.9%)		0.57(0.26–1.23)	0.50(0.18–1.39)	0.18	19(86.4%)	3(13.6%)	0.42(0.08–2.05)	1.43(0.18–10.84)	0.72
	7–12		42(71.2%)	17(28.8%)		0.32(0.14–0.72)	0.38(0.12–1.16)	0.09	14(82.4%)	3(17.6%)	0.31(0.06–1.55)	0.48(0.06–3.54)	0.47
	≤13km		20(35%)	37(65%)		0.07(0.03–0.15)	0.11(0.03–0.34)	0.00*	11(64.7%)	6(35.3%)	0.12(0.03–0.50)	0.24(0.03–1.92)	0.18
Method of recalling the ART drug	Alarming		187(94.9%)	10(5.1%)		1	1	1	83(97.6%)	2(2.4%)	1	1	1
	By adaptation		22(25%)	66(75%)		0.02(0.008–0.04)	0.02(0.01–0.05)	0.00*	14(50%)	9(56.3%)	0.02(0.005–0.11)	0.14(0.05–0.35)	0.00*

Notes: *Significant variable. 1 = reference.

Table 5 Factors That are Independently Associated with ART Adherence Level to ARV Drugs in Total ART Patients from Both Models at Selected West Wollega Zone Hospitals in 2019

Variable	Variable Classification	Total Participants from Both Models Adherence Level
		Optimum	Suboptimum	COR (95% CI)	AOR (95% CI)	P-value
Occupation status	Government employee	41(11.9%)	6(5.9%))	1	1	1
	Merchant	110(32%)	25(24.8%))	0.64(0.25–1.68)	0.6(0.6–2.3)	0.44
	House wife	87(25.3%)	31(30.7%)	0.41(0.16–1.06)	0.44(0.12–1.6)	0.20
	Daily laborer	48(14%))	18(17.8%)	0.39(0.14–1.07)	1.2(0.26–5.6)	0.81
	Farmer	28(8.1%)	8(7.9%)	0.51(0.16–1.63)	0.47(0.9–2.3)	0.35
	Students	18(5.2%)	5(5%)	0.53(0.14–1.95)	0.55(0.08–3.7)	0.54
	Other**	12(3.5%)	8(7.9%)	0.22(0.06–0.76)	0.23(0.04–1.23)	0.87
Active alcoholic drinker	Yes	8(2.3%)	13(12.9%)	0.16(0.07–0.4)	1.96(0.45–8.6)	0.37
	No	336(97.7%)	88(87.1%)	1	1	1
Chat chewing status	Yes	2(0.6%)	4(4%)	0.14(0.03–0.8)	0.47(0.03–6.6)	0.58
	No	342(99.4%)	97(96%)	1	1	1
Satisfaction of participants with health service delivery	Yes	307(89.2%)	64(63.3%)	1	1	1
	No	37(10.8%)	37(36.7%)	0.2(0.12–0.35%)	0.3(0.14–0.7)	0.006*
Distance from medical facility	1–3km	165(48%)	18(17.8%)	1	1	1
	4–6km	92(26.7%)	20(19.8%)	0.5(0.25–0.9)	0.6(0.25–1.4)	0.26
	7–12	56(16.3%)	20(19.8%)	0.3(0.15–0.6)	0.4(0.15–1.08)	0.05
	≥13km	31(9%)	43(42.6%)	0.8(0.04–0.12)	0.13(0.05–0.35)	0.00*
Method of recalling the ART drug	Alarming	270(78.5%)	12(11.9%)	1	1	1
	Adaptation	36(10.5%)	80(79.2%)	0.19(0.07–0.48)	0.18(0.07–0.5)	0.001*
	Recalled by other	38(11%)	9(8.9%)	0.02(−0.01–0.78)	0.03(0.01–0.06)	0.000*
ART Care Model Varieties	Routine	240(69.8%)	85(84.2%)	0.43(0.24–0.78)	0.24(0.1–0.6)	0.002*
	Appointment	104(30.2%)	16(15.8%)	1	1	1
Status of HIV/AIDS disclosure	Yes	310(90.1%)	64(63.4%)	1	1	1
	No	34(9.9%)	37(36.6%))	0.19(0.11–0.33)	0.26(0.01–0.6)	0.002*

Notes: 1 = reference. *Significant variable. **Other includes soldier, toiler.