Time to Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation and Its Predictors Among Newly Diagnosed HIV-Positive People in Nekemte Town, Western Ethiopia: Claim of Universal Test and Treat

Figures & data

Table 1 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Newly Diagnosed HIV-Positive People in Nekemte Town, Western Ethiopia, 2016–2020

Variable Type	Categories	Frequency	Percentage (%)
Age	15–19 years old	20	3.9
	20–24 years old	58	11.2
	25–29 years old	96	18.5
	30–34 years old	81	15.6
	35–39 years old	99	19.1
	≥40 years old	164	31.7
Sex	Male	233	45.0
	Female	285	55.0
Marital Status	Single	100	19.3
	Married	320	61.8
	Divorced	68	13.1
	Widowed	30	5.8
Educational Status	Write and read only	113	21.8
	Primary school	194	37.5
	Secondary school	135	26.0
	College and above	76	14.7
Occupational Status	Unemployed	49	9.5
	House wife	154	29.7
	Gov’t employed	149	28.8
	Private work	156	30.0
	Others*	1o	2.0
Religion	Protestant	239	46.1
	Orthodox	223	43.1
	Muslim	47	9.1
	Catholic	9	1.7
Residence	Urban	447	86.3
	Rural	71	13.7

Note: *Drivers, car servants.

Table 2 Baseline Clinical and Hematologic Related Characteristics of Newly Diagnosed HIV-Positive People in Nekemte Town, Western Ethiopia, 2016–2020

Variable Type	Categories	Frequency	Percentage (%)
Baseline CD4 cell count	≥500 cell/mm^3	181	34.9
	<500 cell/ mm^3	337	65.1
Baseline viral load	TND	360	69.5
	<1000 copies/mL	112	21.6
	≥1000 copies/mL	46	8.9
Baseline Hemoglobin	≥11 mg/dl	404	78.0
	<11 mg/dl	114	22.0
Baseline WHO clinical stage	Stage I	394	76.0
	Stage II	72	14.0
	Stage III/ IV	52	10.0
Functional status	Working	469	90.5
	Ambulatory	32	6.2
	Bedridden	17	3.3
Comorbidities	Yes	8	1.5
	No	510	98.5
Baseline OIs	Yes	41	8.0
	No	477	92.0
Screened for TB	Yes	495	95.7
	No	23	4.4
HIV/TB co-infection	Yes	42	8.1
	No	476	91.9
BMI	≥25 kg/m^2	90	17.4
	18–24.99 kg/m^2	313	60.4
	≤17.99 kg/m^2	115	22.2

Abbreviations: HIV/TB, human immune virus and tuberculosis co-infection; BMI, body mass index; OIs, opportunistic infections; WHO, World Health Organization; TND, target not detected; CD4, cluster of differentiation molecular 4.

Table 3 Facility and Structural Related Characteristics of Newly Diagnosed HIV-Positive People in Nekemte Town, Western Ethiopia, 2016–2020

Variable Type	Categories	Frequency	Percentage (%)
HIV test approach	VCT	369	71.2
	PICT	149	28.8
Linked from	OPD	170	32.8
	Ward	145	28.0
	TB clinic	72	14.0
	STI clinic	17	3.2
	Others (ANC, PNC, MCH)	114	22.0
Years of tested for HIV	2016	79	15.3
	2017	120	23.2
	2018	143	27.6
	2019	78	15.0
	2020	98	18.9
Site tested for HIV	Hospital	455	87.8
	Health center	25	4.8
	Others	38	7.4
Use baseline CPT	Yes	316	61.0
	No	202	39.0
Use baseline IPT	Yes	446	86.0
	No	72	14.0
Reside within catchment area	Yes	454	87.6
	No	64	12.4

Abbreviations: TB, Tuberculosis; CPT, Cotrimoxazole Preventive Therapy; IPT, Isoniazid Preventive Therapy; HIV, Human immunodeficiency Virus; OPD, outpatient department; STI, sexually transmitted infections; ANC, antenatal care; PNC, postnatal care; MCH, mother and child health.

Table 4 Personal and Family Related Characteristics of Newly Diagnosed HIV-Positive People in Nekemte Town, Western Ethiopia, 2016–2020

Variable Type	Categories	Frequency	Percentage (%)
HIV disclosure status	Disclosed	498	96.1
	Not disclosed	20	3.9
To whom disclosed	Spouse	277	55.3
	Own child	15	3.0
	Parents	179	35.7
	Siblings	8	1.6
	Relatives/friends	14	2.8
	Others*	8	1.6
Having partner	Yes	463	89.4
	No	55	10.6
Partner’s HIV status	Positive	232	50.2
	Negative	216	46.8
	Unknown	15	3.0
Presence of <15 age children in family	Yes	328	63.3
	No	190	36.7
HIV status of the <15 age children	Positive	53	16.2
	Negative	249	76.2
	Unknown	25	7.6

Note: *Co-workers, nearby leader.

Abbreviation: HIV, human immunodeficiency virus.

Figure 1 Test outcome of newly diagnosed HIV positive people in Nekemte town 2016–2020.

Figure 2 The Nelson-Aalen Cumulative Hazard of newly diagnosed HIV-positive people in Nekemte town from 2016–2020.

Figure 3 The overall Kaplan-Meier Survival function estimate of newly diagnosed HIV-positive people in Nekemte town from 2016–2020.

Table 5 Bivariable and Multivariable Cox Proportional Hazard Model of Incidence and Predictors of ART Initiation Among Newly Diagnosed HIV-Positive People in Nekemte Town, Western Ethiopia, 2016–2020

Variables	Category	Survival Status		CHR/CI	AHR/CI	P-value
		Event	Censored
Sex	Male	166	67	1	1	0.013
	Female	205	80	1.52(1.23–1.89)	1.33(1.06–1.67)
Residence	Urban	319	128	3.05(2.14–4.36)	2.02(1.37–2.97)	0.001
	Rural	52	19	1	1
WHO Clinical stage	Stage I	289	105	1	1
	Stage II	47	25	0.7(0.51–0.97)	0.84(0.60–1.16)	0.302
	Stage III	31	12	0.93(0.64–1.35)	1.22(0.82–1.82)	0.311
	Stage IV	4	5	0.7(0.26–1.9)	0.84(0.29–2.43)	0.762
Presence of Comorbidity	Yes	8	0	1	1	0.364
	No	363	147	3.49(1.53–7.95)	1.5(0.62–3.67)
Presence of OIs	Yes	30	11	1	1	0.001
	No	341	136	3.79(2.41–5.94)	2.62(1.60–4.30)
TB/HIV Co-infection	Yes	36	6	1	1	0.495
	No	335	141	2.13(1.44–3.14)	0.85(0.55–1.33)
HIV test approach	VCT	259	110	1.7(1.33–2.18)	1.33(1.02–1.74)	0.032
	PITC	112	37	1	1
Linked from	OPD	115	55	0.71(0.53–0.94)	0.64(0.47–0.85)	0.003
	Ward	101	44	0.79(0.59−1.05)	0.72(0.53–0.97)	0.035
	TB clinic	53	19	0.73(0.52–1.03)	0.69(0.48–0.99)	0.049
	STI clinic	11	6	0.67(0.36–1.26)	0.58(0.30–1.11)	0.103
	Others*	91	23	1	1
Used IPT	Yes	341	105	1.51(1.03–2.21)	1.27(0.85–1.91)	0.235
	No	30	42	1	1
Reside within catchment area	Yes	334	120	1.33(0.94–1.89)	0.97(0.66–1.44)	0.906
	No	37	27	1	1
HIV Disclosure status	Disclosed	353	145	3(1.79−5.04)	2.07(1.17–3.68)	0.012
	No Disclosed	18	2	1	1
Having regular partner	Yes	342	121	1.54(1.03–2.28)	1.19(0.78–1.82)	0.395
	No	29	26	1	1
Presence of <15 years old children in home	Yes	246	82	1.49(1.19–1.87)	1.09(0.86–1.820	0.464
	No	125	65	1	1
Educational level	Write and read only	70	43	1	1
	Primary school	129	65	1.03(0.77–1.38)	1.04(0.77–1.41)	0.755
	Secondary school	109	26	1.25(0.89–1.64)	1.25(0.91−1.71)	0.159
	College and above	63	13	1.52(1.08–2.14)	1.43(1.00–2.03)	0.046

Note: *ANC, PNC, MCH.

Abbreviations: TB, Tuberculosis; CPT, Cotrimoxazole Preventive Therapy; IPT, Isoniazid Preventive Therapy; HIV, Human immunodeficiency Virus; OIs, Opportunistic Infections; WHO, World Health Organization; CHR, Crude Hazard Ratio; AHR, Adjusted Hazard Ratio; CI, Confidence Interval.