HIV Positivity Disclosure Among Children Living with HIV/AIDS and Currently on HAART in Dessie, Northeast Ethiopia

Figures & data

Table 1 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Parents/Caregivers in Dessie, Northeast Ethiopia, 2020 (n = 346)

Variables		Frequency	Percent	HIV+ Disclosure Status
				Yes (n = 101)		No (n = 245)
				n	%	n	%
Age of parent (346)
18–30		53	15.3	12	22.6	41	77.4
31–40		115	33.2	50	43.5	65	56.5
41–50		97	28	22	22.7	75	77.3
51–60		61	17.6	10	16.4	51	83.6
60+		20	5.8	7	35	13	65
Sex of parent (346)
Male		101	29.2	36	35.6	65	64.4
Female		245	70.8	65	26.5	180	73.5
Religion (346)
Orthodox		134	38.7	40	29.9	94	70.1
Muslim		179	51.7	54	30.2	125	69.8
Catholic		21	6.1	6	28.6	15	71.4
Protestant		12	3.5	1	8.3	11	91.7
Read and write (346)
Yes		321	92.8	99	30.8	222	69.2
No		25	7.2	2	8	23	92
The Maximum level of education (321)
No formal education		37	11.5	4	10.8	33	89.2
Primary school (1–8)		71	22.1	9	12.7	62	87.3
Secondary school (9–12)		66	20.6	16	24.2	50	75.8
Diploma		82	25.5	33	40.2	49	59.8
Degree and above		65	20.3	34	52.3	31	47.7
Ethnicity (346)
Amhara		266	76.9	74	27.8	192	72.2
Oromo		54	15.6	15	27.8	39	72.2
Tigray		26	7.5	12	46.2	14	53.8
Marital status (346)
Married		238	68.8	43	18	195	82
Single		23	6.6	13	56.5	10	43.5
Widowed		71	20.5	38	53.5	33	46.5
Divorced		14	4	7	50	7	50
Occupation/Employment (346)
Unemployed		24	6.9	0	0	24	100
Daily laborer		24	6.9	4	16.7	20	83.3
Government employ		111	32.1	45	40.5	66	59.5
Private employ		65	18.8	27	41.5	38	58.5
Housewife		80	23.1	14	17.5	66	82.5
Merchant		42	12.1	11	26.2	31	73.8
Monthly income (ETB) (346)
<1000 ETB		101	29.2	38	45.8	45	54.2
1000–2000 ETB		77	22.3	20	26	57	74
2001–3000 ETB		85	24.6	34	33.7	67	66.3
>3000 ETB		83	24	9	10.6	76	89.4
Family size (346)
1–5		173	50	45	26	128	74
>5		173	50	56	32.4	117	67.6
Relationship to the child (346)
Mother		199	57.5	41	20.6	158	79.4
Father		62	17.9	15	24.2	47	75.8
Grandparent		63	18.2	28	44.4	35	55.6
Relative		22	6.4	17	77.3	5	22.7

Table 2 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Children in Dessie, Northeast Ethiopia, 2020 (n = 346)

Variables	Frequency	Percent	Disclosure Status
			Yes (n = 101)		No (n = 245)
			n	%	n	%
Age (in years)
6–10	165	47.7	9	5.5	156	94.5
11–15	181	52.3	92	50.8	89	49.2
Sex
Female	215	62.1	69	32	146	68
Male	131	37.9	32	24.4	99	75.6
Schooling
Kindergarten	201	58.1	57	28.4	144	71.6
Primary school (1–8)	145	41.9	44	30.3	101	69.7
Currently, live with
Biological parents	261	75.4	59	22.6	202	77.4
Grandparents	60	17.3	23	38.3	37	61.7
Sister/brother	8	2.3	5	62.5	3	37.5
Relatives	17	4.9	14	82.4	3	17.6
The first relative lost to HIV
Yes	73	21.1	31	42.5	42	57.5
No	273	78.9	70	25.6	203	74.4
Who was lost (multiple answers are possible) (73)
Mother only	13	17.8	6	46.2	7	53.8
Father only	21	28.8	9	42.9	12	57.1
Both mother and father	39	53.4	17	43.6	22	56.4

Table 3 Clinical Characteristics of Parents/Caregivers and Their Children in Dessie, Northeast Ethiopia, 2020 (n = 346)

Variables	Frequency	Percent	Disclosure Status
			Yes (n = 101)		No (n = 245)
			n	%	n	%
HIV status of parents/caregivers
Positive	278	80.3	51	20	203	80
Negative	66	19.2	38	48.7	40	51.3
Not tested	2	0.5	12	85.7	2	14.3
Parents/caregivers start ART
Yes	278	100	71	25.5	203	73
Diagnosis age (in years)
1–5	207	59.8	54	26	153	74
6–10	118	34.1	40	33.9	78	66.1
11–15	21	6.1	7	33.3	14	66.7
Child start ART
Yes	346	100	101	29.2	245	70.8
Age ART initiated
1–5	198	57.2	52	26.3	146	73.7
6–10	125	36.1	43	34.4	82	65.6
11–15	23	6.6	6	26	17	742
ART adherence
Yes	239	69.1	63	26.4	176	73.6
No	107	30.9	38	35.5	69	64.5
Ever admitted to the Hospital
Yes	285	82.4	78	27.4	207	72.6
No	61	17.6	23	37.7	38	62.3
HIV Counselling
Yes	346	100	101	29.2	245	70.8
Disclosure issue addressed
Yes	103	29.8	74	72	29	28
No	243	70.2	27	11	216	89
Support from organizations
Yes	312	90.2	83	26.6	229	73.4
No	34	9.8	18	53	16	47
Supported by
NGOs	312	100	83	27.8	299	73.4
Kind of support (multiple answers possible) (312)
Counseling	7	2.2	3	42.9	4	57.1
Money	5	1.6	1	20	4	80
Food	300	96.2	81	27	219	73

Table 4 Information on HIV Diagnostic Disclosure Among Children Living with HIV in Dessie, Northeast Ethiopia, 2020 (n = 346)

	Variables	Category	Frequency	Percent
1	Disclosure (101)	Yes	101	29.2
		No	245	70.8
2	Age at disclosure (years) (101)	1–5	34	33.7
		6–15	67	66.3
3	Who disclose (Multiple answers possible)	Mother	40	39.6
		Father	26	25.7
		Grandparents	19	18.8
		Relatives	3	3
		Health care workers	6	6
		Heard from friends/neighbors	7	6.9
4	Type of disclosure	Unprepared Disclosure	37	36.6
		Involuntary Disclosure	7	6.9
		Accidental Disclosure	57	56.5

Figure 1 Responsible person to disclose to the child about their HIV+ diagnosis in Dessie, Northeast Ethiopia, 2020 (n = 346).

Table 5 A Multivariable Analysis of Factors That Affect the Disclosure of HIV Diagnosis Among Children Living with HIV in Dessie, Northeast Ethiopia, 2020 (n = 346)

Variables	Disclosure Status				COR (95% CI)	AOR (95% CI)	P-value
	Yes (n = 101)		No (n = 245)
	n	%	n	%
Marital status (n = 346)
Married	43	18	195	82	1	1
Single	20	54	17	46	4.535 (1.512–13.602)	1.7 (1.412–3.542)	0.521
Widowed	38	53.5	33	46.5	3.86 (1.264–4.02)	2.10 (1.35–12.7)	0.007
Age (in years)
6–10	76	32.9	155	67.1	1	1
11–15	25	21.7	90	78.3	3.23 (0.027–0.116)	2.83 (1.036–6.148)	0.000
Monthly income (ETB) (n = 346)
<1000	38	45.8	45	54.2	0.547 (0.433–0.691)	0.621 (0.055–0.901)	0.150
1000–2000	20	26	57	74	0712 (0.231–0.8125)	0.436 (0.224–0.851)	0.515
2001–3000	34	33.7	67	66.3	2.14 (1.536–5.471)	4.12 (3.852–6.458)	0.082
>3000	9	10.6	76	89.4	1	1
Child support/aid from organizations (n = 346)
Yes	83	26.6	229	73.4	3.55 (1.725–7.316)	2.6 (1.122–4.560)	0.001
No	18	53	16	47	1	1
Disclosure with counseling (n = 346)
Yes	74	72	29	28	8 (0.027–0.088)	20.41 (11.351–36.712)	0.051
No	27	11	216	89	1	1
Relationship to the child (n = 346)
Mother	41	20.6	158	79.4	1	1
Father	15	24.2	47	75.8	13.1 (4.564–37.616)	0.076 (0.027–0.219)	0.824
Grandparent	28	44.4	35	55.6	10.65 (3.359–33.786)	1.67 (1.03–4.298)	0.603
Relative	17	77.3	5	22.7	4.25 (1.395–12.949)	0.235 (0.077–0.717)	0.071
Currently living with (n = 346)
Biological parents	59	22.6	202	77.4	1	1
Grandparents	42	49.4	43	50.6	15.9 (4.441–57.478)	1.2 (1.017–5.225)	0.0710
HIV status of caregiver (n = 346)
Positive	51	20	203	80	1	1
Negative	38	41.3	54	58.7	9.88 (5.181–18.08	6.205 (3.009–11.19)	0.000
ART adherence (n = 346)
Yes	63	26.4	176	73.6	1.357 (1.05–2.22)	1.10 (1.2–3.261)	0.922
No	38	35.5	69	64.5	1	1