Anemia in HIV Patients Attending Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Clinic at Hoima Regional Referral Hospital: Prevalence, Morphological Classification, and Associated Factors

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic Characteristics of Study Participants

Variable	Category	Frequency (n)	Percentage (%)
Sex	Male	85	25
	Female	255	75
Age (years)	<18	9	2.6
	18–27	38	11.2
	28–37	127	37.4
	≥38	166	48.8
Employment	Unemployed	139	40.9
	Employed	132	38.8
	Business	59	17.4
	Student	10	2.9
Level of income (Ugx.)	<100,000	121	35.6
	100,000–300,000	114	33.5
	300,000–500,000	58	17.1
	>500,000	47	13.8
Education	No formal education	19	5.6
	Primary	104	30.6
	Secondary	187	55.0
	Tertiary	30	8.8
Residence	Rural	99	29.1
	Urban	241	70.9
Marital status	Single	54	15.9
	Married	271	79.7
	Divorced	15	4.4

Figure 1 Pie chart showing prevalence of anemia among HIV patients attending HAART clinic at Hoima Regional Referral Hospital.

Figure 2 Bar graph showing morphological classification of anemia among HIV patients attending HAART clinic at Hoima Regional Referral Hospital.

Table 2 Bivariate Analysis of Factors Associated with Anemia Among HIV Patients

Variable		Odds Ratio (OR)	95% Confidence Interval	P value
Sex
	Male	Ref
	Female	0.21	0.03–1.31	0.094
Age (years)
	<18	Ref
	18–27	0.02	0.00–1.30	0.065
	28–37	0.01	0.00–0.37	0.013*
	≥38	0.01	0.00–0.27	0.008*
Employment
	Unemployed	Ref
	Employed	3.18	0.48–21.08	0.230
	Business	5.46	0.42–71.08	0.195
	Student	0.71	0.02–26.64	0.853
Level of income (Ugx.)
	<100,000	Ref
	100,000–300,000	0.73	0.11–5.01	0.749
	300,000–500,000	0.11	0.01–2.32	0.155
	>500,000	0.66	0.04–9.80	0.760
Education	None formal	Ref
	Primary	0.41	0.03–4.94	0.481
	Secondary	0.23	0.02–2.63	0.235
	Tertiary	0.37	0.02–8.72	0.536
Marital status
	Single	Ref
	Married	1.49	0.23–9.81	0.677
	Divorced	454.19	6.14–33,586.92	0.005*
Duration on HAART
	<3 years	Ref
	3–5 years	0.31	0.02–3.89	0.362
	>5 years	1.61	0.18–14.39	0.671
Presence of chronic disease
	No	Ref
	Yes	5.43	0.68–43.61	0.111
History of malaria in the past 3 months
	No	Ref
	Yes	6.44	1.68–24.76	0.007*
Family history of anemia
	No	Ref
	Yes	14.84	2.13–103.53	0.007*
Presence of opportunistic infection
	No	Ref
	Yes	65.19	12.32–344.98	0.000*
Use of antihelminthic drugs in past 3 months
	No	Ref
	Yes	0.06	0.01–0.44	0.006*
Viral load
	Suppressed	Ref
	Unsuppressed	17.62	3.24–95.71	0.001*

Note: *Significant.

Table 3 Multivariate Analysis of Factors Associated with Anemia Among HIV Patients

Variable		Odds Ratio (OR)	95% Confidence Interval	P value
Sex
	Male	Ref
	Female	0.27	0.06–1.14	0.074
Age (years)
	<18	Ref
	18–27	0.01	0.00–0.45	0.017*
	28–37	0.01	0.00–0.24	0.005*
	≥38	0.01	0.00–0.34	0.009*
Marital status
	Single	Ref
	Married	0.79	0.16–3.82	0.767
	Divorced	98.96	1.85–5283.21s	0.024*
Presence of chronic disease
	No	Ref
	Yes	12.10	1.82–80.30	0.010*
History of malaria in the past 3 months
	No	Ref
	Yes	7.11	2.17–23.30	0.001*
Family history of anemia
	No	Ref
	Yes	8.54	1.80–40.51	0.007*
Presence of opportunistic infection
	No	Ref
	Yes	58.00	13.64–246.68	0.000*
Use of antihelminthic drugs in past 3 months
	No	Ref
	Yes	0.10	0.02–0.46	0.003*
Viral load
	Suppressed	Ref
	Unsuppressed	10.74	2.96–39.01	0.000*

Note: *Significant.