Isoniazid Preventive Therapy Uptake and Its Effect on Tuberculosis Incidence Among People Living with HIV in Illubabor and Buno Bedelle Zones, South-West Ethiopia, 2022: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of PLHIV Attending at ART Clinics in Illubabor and Buno Bedele Zones, South-West Ethiopia, 2022

Variables		IPT-Exposed (%)	IPT-Unexposed (%)
Age (years)	18–29	74 (28.2)	50 (31.7)
	30–39	115 (43.7)	74 (46.8)
	40–49	60 (22.8)	28 (17.7)
	≥ 50	14 (5.3)	6 (3.8)
Sex	Male	93 (35.4)	81 (51.3)
	Female	170 64.64	77 (48.73)
Marital status	Never married	17 (6.5)	16 (10.1)
	Married	166 (63.12)	99 (62.7)
	Separated	0 (0.00)	5 (3.2)
	Divorced	50 (19.01)	22 (13.9)
	Widowed	30 (11.41)	16 (10.1)
Educational status	No formal education	27 (10.3)	33 (20.9)
	Primary education	102 (38.8)	69 (43.7)
	Secondary education	97 (36.9)	36 (22.8)
	College and above	37 (14)	20 (12.6)
Occupation	Farmer	40 (15.2)	14 (8.9)
	Government employee	46 (17.5)	22 (13.9)
	Non-government worker	8 (3.1)	10 (6.3)
	Merchant	51 (19.4)	29 (18.6)
	Daily laborer	59 (22.4)	59 (37.3)
	Jobless	35 (13.3)	23 (14.6)
	Others*	24 (9.12)	1 (0.6)
Residence	Urban	162 (61.6)	138 (87.3)
	Rural	101 (38.4)	20 (12.7)

Note: *Others: mobile workers, drivers; INH: isoniazid.

Table 2 Clinical and Behavioral Characteristics of PLHIV Attending at ART Clinics in Illubabor and Buno Bedelle Zones, South-West Ethiopia, 2022

Variables		IPT-Exposed (%)	IPT-Unexposed (%)
Baseline BMI (kg/m^2)	< 16	21 (8)	15 (9.5)
	16–18.49	58 (22)	50 (31.7)
	≥ 18.5	184 (70)	93 (58.8)
Baseline CD4 (cells/mm^3)	< 200	49 (18.6)	40 (25.3)
	200–350	48 (18.3)	50 (31.7)
	≥ 351	166 (63.1)	68 (43)
Baseline hemoglobin (g/dl)	< 10	10 (3.8)	10 (6.3)
	≥ 10	253 (96.2)	148 (93.7)
Baseline WHO HIV clinical stage	WHO stage I	197 (74.9)	145 (91.8)
	WHO stage II	37 (14.1)	5 (3.2)
	WHO stage III	15 (5.7)	4 (2.5)
	WHO stage IV	14 (5.3)	4(2.5)
Recent BMI (kg/m^2)	< 16	9 (3.4)	13 (8.2)
	16–18.49	43 (16.4)	26 (16.5)
	≥ 18.5	211 (80.2)	119 (75.3)
Recent CD4 (cells/mm^3)	< 200	10 (3.8)	7 (4.4)
	200–350	28 (10.7)	19 (12)
	≥ 351	225 (85.5)	132 (83.6)
Recent hemoglobin (g/dl)	< 10	1 (0.4)	6 (3.8)
	≥ 10	262 (99.6)	152(96.2)
Recent WHO HIV clinical stage	WHO stage I	222 (84.4)	133 (84.2)
	WHO stage II	14 (5.3)	4 (2.5)
	WHO stage III	27 (10.3)	16 (10.1)
	WHO stage IV	0 (0.0)	5 (3.2)
Addictive Substance exposure	No exposure	37 (14)	14 (8.9)
	Tobacco	97 (36.9)	73 (46.2)
	Alcohol	22 (8.4)	19 (12)
	Both tobacco and alcohol	107 (40.7)	52 (32.9)
Patients’ status at the end of follow up	Active	235 (89.3)	150 (95)
	Transfer out	12 (4.6)	1 (0.6)
	Loss to follow up	10 (3.8)	7 (4.4)
	Died	6 (2.3)	0 (0.0)

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CD4, cell differentiation 4+; WHO, World Health Organization; HIV, human immune deficiency virus.

Figure 1 IPT exposure status of PLHIV in this study.

Figure 2 Kaplan–Meier survival probability curve showing time until TB diagnosis among PLHIV in this study.

Table 3 Life Table Showing Overall Survival Probability with Ten Years Interval Among PLHIV Attending at ART in Illubabor and Buno Bedele Zones, South-West Ethiopia, 2022

Time Interval	Individuals at Risk	Event	Censored	Survival Probability	Hazard Rate
0–10	421	28	3	0.93	0.01
10–20	390	8	10	0.91	0.00
20–30	372	15	6	0.87	0.00
30–40	351	4	9	0.86	0.00
40–50	338	5	22	0.85	0.00
50–60	311	0	29	0.85	0.00
60–70	282	5	277	0.82	0.00

Figure 3 Kaplan–Meier curve showing survival probability between different categories of age among PLHIV.

Figure 4 Kaplan–Meier curve showing survival probability between categories of IPT exposure status.

Table 4 Multivariable Cox Regression Analysis of Predictor Variables for Time to TB Among PLHIV Attending at ART Clinics in Illubabor and Buno Bedelle Zones, South-West Ethiopia, 2022

Variables		Develop TB		Total (%)	CHR	AHR	95% CI	P
		Yes (%)	PNo (%)
Sex	Male	44(67.7)	130(36.5)	174 (41.3)	1	1
	Female	21(32.3)	226(63.5)	247(58.7)	0.30	0.86	(0.38–1.93)	0.7
Residence	Urban	52(80)	248(69.7)	300(71.3)	1	1
	Rural	13(20)	108(30.3)	121(28.7)	0.64	0.24	(0.09–0.69)	0.008 *
Family size	≤ 5 members	60(92.3)	339(95.2)	399(94.8)	1	1
	> 5 members	5(7.7)	17(4.8)	22(5.2)	1.83	1.35	(0.32–5.72)	0.68
Substance use	Did not use any addictive substance	4(6.1)	47(13.2)	51(12.1)	1	1
	Tobacco	21(32.3)	149(41.9)	170(40.9)	1.51	1.69	(0.54–5.29)	0.366
	Alcohol	5(7.7)	36(10.1)	41(9.7)	1.43	1.8	(0.42–7.78)	0.43
	Both tobacco and alcohol	35(53.9)	124(34.8)	159(37.8)	2.8	1.24	(0.36–4.25)	0.726
IPT exposure	Not exposed	45(69.2)	113(31.7)	158(37.5)	1	1
	Exposed	20(30.8)	243(68.3)	263(62.5)	0.25	0.49	(0.25–0.96)	0.039 *
Adherence to ART at Baseline	Good adherence	60(92.3)	350(98.3)	410(97.4)	1	1
	Fair/poor adherence	5(7.7)	6(1.7)	11(2.6)	4.28	4.83	(1.17–19.96)	0.029*
Baseline hemoglobin(g/dl)	<10	16(24.6)	4(1.1)	20(4.8)	1	1
	≥ 10	49(75.4)	352(98.9)	401(95.2)	0.09	0.13	(0.06–0 0.29)	0.000*
Baseline CD4+ count(cell/mm^3)	<200	29(44.6)	60(16.9)	89(21.1)	1	1
	200–350	19(29.2)	79(22.2)	98(23.3)	0.55	0.73	(0.31–1.70)	0.463
	≥351	17(26.1)	217(61)	234(55.6)	0.2	0.34	(0.14–0.82)	0.017*
Recent hemoglobin(g/dl)	<10	7(10.8)	0(0)	7(1.7)	1	1
	≥ 10	58(89.2)	356(100)	414(98.3)	0.07	0.14	(0.05–0.40)	0.000*
Recent CD4+ count(cell/mm3)	<200	12(18.5)	5(1.4)	17(4)	1	1
	200–350	6(9.2)	41(11.5)	47(11.2)	0.1	0.099	(0.03–0.35)	0.000 *
	≥351	47(72.3)	310(87.1)	357(84.8)	0.11	0.13	(0.06–0.29)	0.000 *
Recent BMI(kg/m^2)	<16	10(15.4)	12(3.4)	22(5.23)	1	1
	16–18.49	26(40)	43(12.1)	69(16.4)	0.86	0.82	(0.30–2.23)	0.701
	≥ 18.5	29(44.6)	301(84.6)	330(78.4)	0.16	0.30	(0.12–0.77)	0.013*
Baseline WHO HIV clinical staging	Stage I/stage II	55(84.6)	329(92.4)	384(91.2)	1	1
	Stage III/stage IV	10(15.4)	27(7.6)	37(8.8)	1.39	3.83	(1.38 10.69)	0.010 *

Note: *P < 0.05.

Abbreviations: CHR, crude hazard ratio; AHR, adjusted hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval.