Relationship between socioeconomic status and HIV infection in a rural tertiary health center

Figures & data

Table 1 Characteristics of study participants

Variable	HIV negative (n=115)	HIV positive (n=122)	P-value
Age (years)*	35.49±7.63	36.35±8.31	0.219
Range	(15–54)	(15–53)
Age group (years)**
<30	11 (9.6%)	13 (10.7%)	0.683
30–39	48 (41.7%)	51 (41.8%)	0.840
40–49	36 (31.3%)	41 (33.6%)	0.569
50–59	20 (17.4%)	17 (13.9%)	0.622
Sex**
Male	47 (40.9%)	35 (28.7%)	0.185
Female	68 (59.1%)	87 (71.3%)	0.127
Education**
None	4 (3.5%)	8 (6.5%)	0.388
Primary	5 (4.4%)	19 (15.6%)	0.004
Secondary	25 (21.7%)	54 (44.3%)	0.001
Tertiary	81 (70.4%)	41 (33.6%)	<0.001
Employment**
Full-time	104 (90.5%)	110 (90.2%)	0.682
Part-time	2 (1.7%)	5 (4.1%)	0.453
Unemployed	9 (7.8%)	7 (5.7%)	0.617
Monthly income in Naira**
<40,000	57 (49.6%)	100 (82.0%)	0.014
40,000–80,000	20 (17.4%)	8 (6.5%)	0.023
>80,000	38 (33.0%)	14 (11.5%)	0.001
Marital status**
Single	26 (22.6%)	16 (13.1%)	0.123
Married	75 (65.2%)	77 (63.1%)	0.871
Separated	2 (1.7%)	4 (3.3%)	0.414
Divorced	3 (2.6%)	6 (4.9%)	0.508
Widowed	7 (6.2%)	14 (11.5%)	0.127
Remarried	2 (1.7%)	5 (4.1%)	0.453
Religion**
Christian	113 (98.3%)	115 (94.3%)	0.894
Muslim	2 (1.7%)	7 (5.7%)	0.096

Note:

* Mean ± standard deviation

** proportion.

Abbreviation: HIV, human immunodeficiency virus.

Figure 1 Distribution of education by age group according to HIV status.

Abbreviation: HIV, human immunodeficiency virus.

Figure 2 Distribution of income per month in Naira by age group according to HIV status.

Abbreviation: HIV, human immunodeficiency virus.

Table 2 Multivariate binary regression model relating HIV infection to socioeconomic variables and confounders

Variables	B	SE	Wald	df	P-value	OR (EXP[B])	95% CI for OR
							Lower	Upper
Age group (years)
20–29			4.833	3	0.184
30–39	1.664	0.817	4.147	1	0.042	5.282	1.064	26.213
40–49	0.734	0.720	1.039	1	0.308	2.083	0.508	8.544
50–59	0.813	0.706	1.324	1	0.250	2.254	0.561	9.001
Sex [Female (male as reference)]	0.091	0.370	0.061	1	0.806	1.095	0.531	2.261
Education
None			7.487	3	0.058
Primary	−0.177	1.160	0.023	1	0.879	1.194	0.123	11.596
Secondary	−2.634	1.110	5.625	1	0.018	0.072	0.008	0.633
Tertiary	−0.699	0.414	2.855	1	0.091	0.497	0.221	1.118
Employment status	−0.120	1.158	0.011	1	0.917	0.887	0.092	8.580
Income (naira)
below 40,000			9.145	2	0.010
40,000–80,000	−1.596	0.543	8.630	1	0.003	0.203	0.070	0.588
above 80,000	−1.463	0.597	6.008	1	0.014	0.231	0.072	0.746
Marital status	−0.465	0.213	2.856	1	0.091	0.498	0.413	0.954
Religion	−1.111	1.459	0.581	1	0.446	0.329	0.019	5.740
Constant	2.965	2.100	1.994	1	0.158	19.397

Notes: Age group (<30 years), sex (male), educational attainment (no education), and income code (<40,000 [Naira]) serve as baseline references; constant, baseline odds estimated for HIV infection when independent variables are absent.

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; df, degrees of freedom; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; OR, odds ratio; SE, standard error; Wald, Wald statistic based on the sample estimate; EXP(B), estimated odds ratio.