Identification of risk factors for hepatitis B and C in Peshawar, Pakistan

Figures & data

Figure 1 Profession versus hepatitis status.

Note: Data are presented as number of patients.

Table 1 Collinearity diagnostics for ruling out related predictor variables

Parameters	Tolerance	Variance inflation factor
Sexual contact	0.959	1.042
Surgical history	0.771	1.297
Transfusion history	0.768	1.303
Dental history	0.876	1.141
Diabetes mellitus status	0.632	1.583
Education level	0.881	1.136
History of contact sports	0.944	1.060
Household contact	0.950	1.053
Immunosuppression	0.634	1.576
IV drugs abuse history	0.940	1.064
Profession	0.954	1.048
Residence	0.978	1.023
Skin tattoos	0.945	1.058

Notes: As indicated by the arrow, there are very few outliers (Criteria: 3.3 standard deviations), which can be ignored in a large sample. Hence, both assumptions for binary logistic regression are met.

Table 2 Variables in the equation for the binary logistic regression

Parameters	B	SE	Wald	df	Significance	Exp(B)	95% CI for Exp(B)
							Lower	Upper
Dental history	1.402	0.320	19.234	1	0.000	4.063	2.172	7.603
Household contact	1.437	0.352	16.617	1	0.000	4.208	2.109	8.396
Sexual contact	1.376	0.541	6.474	1	0.011	3.959	1.372	11.424
Surgical history	0.999	0.320	9.725	1	0.002	2.717	1.450	5.091
Transfusion history	0.749	0.340	4.835	1	0.028	2.114	1.085	4.119
Diabetes mellitus status	0.261	0.370	0.498	1	0.480	1.299	0.629	2.683
Education level			5.065	4	0.281
Below primary	−0.351	0.684	0.264	1	0.607	0.704	0.184	2.689
Primary	−0.456	0.727	0.394	1	0.530	0.634	0.153	2.634
Matric	−0.062	0.770	0.006	1	0.936	0.940	0.208	4.255
Above matric	2.042	1.306	2.445	1	0.118	7.705	0.596	99.614
History of contact sports	−1.338	1.073	1.554	1	0.213	0.262	0.032	2.150
Immunosuppression	−0.221	0.417	0.282	1	0.595	0.801	0.354	1.814
Profession			1.823	3	0.610
Health care professionals	1.441	1.079	1.785	1	0.182	4.226	0.510	35.014
Barbers	−0.220	1.180	0.035	1	0.852	0.803	0.079	8.110
Sewage cleaners	18.463	17,466.171	0.000	1	0.999	104,341,396.887	0.000	−
Residence	0.099	0.272	0.132	1	0.716	1.104	0.648	1.881
Skin tattoos	−0.965	0.751	1.649	1	0.199	0.381	0.087	1.662
Constant	−1.238	1.590	0.606	1	0.436	0.290

Abbreviations: SE, standard error; CI, confidence interval; df, degree of freedom.

Table 3 Variables having no association with the Hepatitis B/C as per this study

Variable	Frequency	Chi-square value	P-value for chi-square	P-value for Fischer’s exacta
Diabetes mellitus status	500	1.42	0.23	−
Education level	500	<3.84	>0.05	−
Profession	500	−	−	>0.05
History of contact sports	500	−	−	0.61
IV drugs abuse history	500	−	−	1.00
Residence	500	0.36	0.55	−
Immunosuppression	500	0.09	0.76	−
Skin tattoos	500	−	−	1.00

Notes:

a Fischer’s exact test was used whenever the assumption for chi-square “expected count not less than 5 in each cell” did not meet. Alpha criterion =0.05.

Table 4 Education level versus hepatitis level

Education level	Hepatitis status		Total
	Positive	Negative
Illiterate, count (% of total)	71 (14.2%)	223 (44.6%)	294 (58.8%)
Primary, count (% of total)	16 (3.2%)	65 (13.0%)	81 (16.2%)
Matric, count (% of total)	9 (1.8%)	47 (9.4%)	56 (11.2%)
Above matric, count (% of total)	1 (0.2%)	40 (8.0%)	41 (8.2%)
Higher education, count (% of total)	3 (0.6%)	25 (5.0%)	28 (5.6%)
Total, count (% of total)	100 (20.0%)	400 (80.0%)	500 (100.0%)

Table 5 Diabetes mellitus status versus hepatitis status

Diabetes mellitus status	Hepatitis status		Total
	Positive	Negative
Diabetic, count (% of total)	26 (5.2%)	82 (16.4%)	108 (21.6%)
Nondiabetic, count (% of total)	74 (14.8%)	318 (63.6%)	392 (78.4%)
Total, count (% of total)	100 (20.0%)	400 (80.0%)	500 (100.0%)

Figure 2 Transfusion history versus hepatitis status.

Table 6 Significant variables

Variable	Frequency	Chi-square valuea	P-value	OR	95% CI of OR
Transfusion history	500	29.72	<0.001	3.98	2.36–6.71
Surgical history	500	36.32	<0.001	4.28	2.60–7.03
Dental history	500	51.86	<0.001	6.01	3.55–10.18
Household contact	500	26.38	<0.001	4.18	2.35–7.45
Sexual contact	500	17.14	<0.001	5.32	2.23–12.70

Notes:

a Chi-square value with 1 degree of freedom. Alpha criterion =0.05, so any variable with P<0.05 is statistically significant.

Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.

Figure 3 Surgical history versus hepatitis status.

Figure 4 Dental history versus hepatitis status.

Table 7 Dental history versus hepatitis status

Dental history	Hepatitis status		Total
	Positive	Negative
Positive, count (% of total)	38 (7.6%)	37 (7.4%)	75 (15%)
Negative, count (% of total)	62 (12.4%)	363 (72.6%)	425 (85%)
Total, count (% of total)	100 (20%)	400 (80%)	500 (100%)

Figure 5 Household contact history versus hepatitis status.

Figure 6 Sexual contact history versus hepatitis status.

Figure 7 Contact sports history versus hepatitis status.

Figure 8 Injection drug abuse history versus hepatitis status.

Figure 9 Residence versus hepatitis status.

Figure 10 Immunosuppression versus hepatitis status.

Figure 11 Skin tattoos versus hepatitis status.