Experiences of social oppression among men who have sex with men in a cosmopolitan city in Nigeria

Figures & data

Table 1 Sociodemographic characteristics

Variable (n=291)	Percent	Frequency
Age, years
<20	13.7	40
20–30	76.3	222
>30	10.0	29
Mean 25.3±4.6
Level of education
< secondary school	11.0	32
≥ secondary school	89.0	259
Marital status
Single, not in a steady relationship	66.0	192
Single, in a steady relationship/cohabiting	19.6	57
Married	12.0	35
Divorced/separated	2.4	7
Sexual identity
Homosexual/transgender	52.2	152
Bisexual	47.8	139
Disclosure to family/friend
Yes	33.0	96
No	67.0	195
Consumes alcohol	56.7	165
Gets drunk (n=165)	57.6	95
Smokes cigarettes	25.8	75
Uses hard drugs	11.1	32
Type of hard drug (n=32)
Cocaine	34.4	11
Ecstasy	9.3	3
Marijuana	56.3	18
Leisure activities*
Partying	38.8	113
Clubbing	35.7	104
Visiting hot spots with friends	43.6	127
Watching television/movies	35.7	104
Surfing the Internet	39.2	114
Sourcing for sexual partners*
Clubs/bars	48.1	140
Private homes	39.9	116
Parties	39.5	115
Community centers	29.9	87
Hotels/brothels	21.0	61

Note:

* Multiple responses.

Table 2 Human rights abuses and experience of gender-based violence

Actions (n=291)*	Frequency	Percentage
Aggression	104	35.7
Alienation	87	29.9
Discrimination in workplace	24	8.2
Eviction from residence	6	2.1
Refusal of service	12	4.1
Suspension from school/apprenticeship	1	0.3
Verbal abuse	56	19.2
Physical abuse	52	17.9
Psychological abuse	59	20.3
Sexual abuse	49	16.8
Endured at least one form of human rights abuse	104	35.7
Victim of at least one act of violence	59	20.3

Note:

* Multiple responses.

Table 3 Association between sociodemographic characteristics, human rights violation, and abuse

	Aggression
	No frequency (%)	Yes frequency (%)
Age (years)
<30	147 (61.3)	93 (38.8)	240	χ^2=5.41 P=0.020
≥30	40 (78.4) 187	11 (21.6) 104	51 291
Marital status
Never married and not in a steady relationship	112 (58.3)	80 (41.7)	192	χ^2=8.63 P=0.003
Others	75 (75.8) 187	24 (24.2) 104	99 291	AOR 2.3 P=0.005
Level of education
< secondary school	15 (46.9)	17 (53.1)	32	χ^2=4.73 P=0.029
≥ secondary school	172 (66.4) 187	87 (33.6) 104	259 291	AOR 2.6 P=0.019
Orientation
Homosexual/transgender	85 (55.9)	67 (44.1)	152	χ^2=9.64 P=0.002
Bisexual	102 (73.4) 187	37 (26.6) 104	139 291	AOR1.9 P=0.017
	Physical abuse
Orientation
Homosexual/transgender	85 (55.9)	67 (44.1)	152	χ^2=4.39 P=0.036
Bisexual	102 (73.4) 187	37 (26.6) 104	139 291	AOR 2.1 P=0.022
Alcohol
No	111 (88.1)	15 (11.9)	126	χ^2=5.39 P=0.020
Yes	128 (77.6) 239	37 (22.4) 52	165 291	AOR 2.3 P=0.013
	Sexual abuse
Orientation
Homosexual/transgender	120 (78.9)	32 (21.1)	152	χ^2=9.64 P=0.044
Bisexual	122 (87.8) 242	17 (12.2) 49	139 291	AOR 2.2 P=0.021
Alcohol
No	115 (91.3)	11 (8.7)	126	χ^2=10.43 P=0.001
Yes	127 (77.0) 242	38 (23.0) 49	165 291	AOR 3.4 P=0.001

Abbreviation: AOR, adjusted odds ratio.