Magnitude of HIV and syphilis seroprevalence among pregnant women in Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study

Figures & data

Table 1 Sociodemographic characteristics of study participants

Variable	Frequency	Percentage
Age
≤20 years	37	12.3
21–25 years	109	36.3
26–30 years	109	36.3
30–35 years	22	7.3
>35 years	23	7.7
Residence
Rural	60	20
Urban	240	80
Marital status
Single	13	4.3
Married	282	94
Other*	5	1.7
Maternal educational status
Illiterate	69	23
Primary school	53	17.7
Secondary school	105	35
Tertiary	73	24.3
Husband educational status
Do not have husband	18	6
Illiterate	52	17.3
Primary school	61	20.3
Secondary school	91	30.4
Tertiary	78	26
Occupation
Housewife	193	64.3
Government employee	26	8.7
Private sector employee	62	20.7
Other**	19	6.3
Family monthly income
<1,000 ETB	71	23.7
1,000–1,500 ETB	101	33.7
1,501–2,800 ETB	55	18.3
>2,800 ETB	73	24.3
Family size
≤2	122	40.7
3–4	123	41
≥5	55	18.3

Notes:

* Includes divorced and widowed;

** includes students, farmers, merchants, and day laborers.

Abbreviation: ETB, Ethiopian birr.

Table 2 Some obstetric, anthropometric, and medical conditions of pregnant women in relation to seropositivity for HIV and syphilis

Variable	HIV seroreactivity		Syphilis seroreactivity
	Reactive n (%)	Nonreactive n (%)	Reactive n (%)	Nonreactive n (%)
Gravidity
Primigravidae	11 (35.48)	118 (43.87)	3 (27.27)	126 (43.60)
Secundigravidae	13 (41.94)	64 (23.79)	1 (9.09)	76 (26.30)
3–4 gravida	7 (22.58)	57 (21.19)	5 (45.45)	59 (20.42)
≥5 gravida	0 (0)	30 (11.15)	2 (18.18)	28 (9.69)
History of abortion
Yes	5 (16.13)	36 (13.38)	1 (9.09)	40 (13.84)
No	26 (83.87)	233 (86.62)	10 (90.91)	249 (86.16)
Gestational age
1st trimester	1 (3.23)	7 (2.60)	0 (0)	8 (2.77)
2nd trimester	13 (41.94)	85 (31.60)	2 (18.18)	96 (33.23)
3rd trimester	17 (54.83)	177 (65.80)	9 (81.82)	185 (64.00)
Body mass Index
Underweight	8 (25.81)	27 (10.04)	0 (0)	35 (12.11)
Normal	15 (48.39)	170 (63.20)	9 (81.82)	176 (60.90)
Overweight	7 (22.58)	63 (23.43)	2 (18.18)	68 (23.53))
Obese	1 (3.23)	9 (3.35)	0 (0)	10 (3.46)

Abbreviation: HIV, human immunodeficiency virus.

Table 3 Seroprevalence of HIV and bivariate and multivariate analysis according to selected sociodemographic characteristics and medical conditions of study participants

Variable	HIV seroreactivity		COR (95% CI)	P-value	AOR (95% CI)
	Reactive n (%)	Nonreactive n (%)
Age
<25 years	7 (6.6)	99 (93.4)	0.72 (0.2, 2.61)	0.21
25–30 years	20 (13.4)	129 (86.6)	1.59 (0.51, 4.93)
>30 years	4 (8.9)	41 (91.1)	1
Residence
Urban	27 (11.2)	213 (88.8)	1.78 (0.6, 5.3)	0.303
Rural	4 (6.7)	56 (93.3)	1
Marital status
Married	31 (11)	251 (89)
Other*	0 (0)	18 (100)
Maternal educational status
Below secondary school	8 (6.6)	114 (93.4)	0.78 (0.26, 2.35)	0.055	0.33 (0.08, 1.33)
Secondary school	17 (16.2)	88 (83.8)	2.16 (0.81, 5.78)		1.54 (0.54, 4.38)
Tertiary school	6 (8.2)	67 (91.8)	1		1
Husband educational status
Illiterate	5 (9.6)	47 (90.4)	1.18 (0.40, 3.44)	0.125	4.13 (1.01, 16.95)†
Primary school	12 (19.7)	49 (80.3)	2.71 (1.18, 6.25)		3.83 (1.50, 9.90)††
Secondary and above	14 (8.3)	155 (91.7)	1		1
Occupation
Housewife	20 (10.4)	173 (89.6)	1.32 (0.47, 3.68)	0.807
Government employee	5 (8.1)	57 (91.9)	1
Private sector employee	3 (11.5)	23 (88.5)	1.5 (0.33, 6.76)
Other**	3 (15.8)	16 (84.2)	2.14 (0.46, 9.9)
Family monthly income
<1,000 ETB	8 (11.3)	63 (88.7)	1.03 (0.41, 2.6)	0.845
1,000–1,500 ETB	9 (8.9)	92 (91.1)	0.8 (0.33, 1.92)
>1,500ETB	14 (10.9)	114 (89.1)	1
Family size
≤2	11 (9.00)	111 (91.00)	1	0.043	1
3–4	19 (15.4)	104 (84.6)	1.85 (1.02, 3.90)		1.97 (0.85, 4.57)
≥5	1 (1.8)	54 (98.2)	0.19 (0.02, 1.49)		0.23 (0.03, 1.85)
History of abortion
Yes	5 (12.2)	36 (87.8)	1.25 (0.45, 3.45)	0.674
No	26 (10)	233 (90)	1

Notes:

* Includes single, divorced, and widowed;

** includes students, farmers, merchants, and day laborers; Bold numerical values indicate significance in bivariate analysis; Significance

† (P<0.05) and

†† (P<0.01) in multivariate analysis.

Abbreviations: AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; COR, crude odds ratio; ETB, Ethiopian birr; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus.

Table 4 Seroprevalence of syphilis and bivariate and multivariate analysis according to selected sociodemographic characteristics and medical conditions of study participants

Variable	Syphilis seroreactivity		COR (95% CI)	P-value	AOR (95% CI)
	Reactive n (%)	Nonreactive n (%)
Age
<25 years	2 (1.9)	104 (98.1)	1	0.032	1
25–30 years	4 (2.7)	145 (97.3)	1.43 (0.26, 8.0)		1.28 (0.23, 7.25)
>30 years	5 (11.1)	40 (88.9)	6.49 (1.21, 33.3)		3.62 (0.62, 22.22)
Residence
Urban	7 (2.9)	233 (97.1)	1	0.179	1
Rural	4 (6.7)	56 (93.3)	5.59 (0.67, 8.4)		1.02 (0.21, 5.00)
Maternal educational status
Below secondary school	7 (5.7)	115 (94.3)	2.65 (0.76, 9.26)	0.127	0.75 (0.13, 4.48)
Secondary and above	4 (2.2)	174 (97.8)	1		1
Husband educational status
Illiterate	5 (11.5)	46 (88.5)	7.2 (1.72, 30.30)	0.007	7.25 (1.74, 30.30)**
Primary school	2 (3.3)	59 (96.7)	1.88 (0.31, 11.5)		1.88 (0.31, 11.50)
Secondary and above	3 (1.8)	166 (98.2)	1		1
Occupation
Housewife	10 (15.2)	183 (84.8)	5.78 (0.73, 45.45)	0.091	7.19 (0.88, 50.00)
Other*	1 (0.9)	106 (99.1)	1		1
Family monthly income
<1,000 ETB	4 (5.6)	67 (95.4)	3.76 (0.67, 21.28)	0.132	1.75 (0.11, 11.76)
1,000–1,500 ETB	5 (5.00)	96 (95.00)	3.28 (0.62, 17.24)		2.54 (0.43, 14.90)
>1,500 ETB	2 (1.6)	126 (98.4)	1		1
Family size
≤2	3 (2.5)	119 (97.5)	1	0.087	1
3–4	3 (2.4)	120 (97.6)	0.99 (0.20, 5.00)		0.57 (0.09, 3.40)
≥5	5 (9.10)	50 (90.90)	3.97 (0.91, 17.24)		1.11 (0.16, 7.69)
History of abortion
Yes	1 (2.4)	40 (97.6)	0.62 (0.08, 5.00)	0.656
No	10 (3.9)	259 (96.1)	1

Notes:

* Other occupations include: private sector employees, governmental employees, students, farmers, merchants, and day laborers. Bold numerical values indicate significance in bivariate analysis;

** significance (P<0.01) in multivariate analysis.

Abbreviations: AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; COR, crude odds ratio; ETB, Ethiopian birr.