Presence and consequence of tooth periapical radiolucency in patients with cirrhosis

Figures & data

Table 1 Characteristics of the patient cohort

Characteristics	Patients with periapical radiolucency	Patients without periapical radiolucency
Number of patients	51	59
Age (years)	60 (53–64)	59 (50–63)
Female/male (%)	24/76	45/55
Smoking status (%)
Yes/no	51/49	31/69
Alcohol use (%)
Yes/no	44/56	25/75
Charlson Comorbidity Index (%)
3+	4	0
2	7	13
1	27	24
0	63	63
Oral care habits (%)
Brushing teeth twice daily	32	49
Visiting dentist annually	24	46
Dry mouth (nearly always or always)	25	24
Oral measures
Number of teeth	22 (17–26)	26 (16–28)
Gross caries (%)	46	10
Severe periodontitis (%)	66	39
Cirrhosis etiology (%)
Alcohol	76	65
Cryptogenic	17	8
Autoimmune or cholestatic	7	27
Cirrhosis severity
MELD score	11 (8–15)	11 (7–15)
Patients with current cirrhosis-related complications (%)	46	27
Inflammation status
C-reactive protein (mg/L)	15.8 (6.9–40.3)	8.1 (5.6–24.0)
P-albumin (g/L)	25 (22–31)	28 (25–35)

Note: Data are presented as number, percentage, or median and interquartile range.

Abbreviation: MELD, Model of End-Stage Liver Disease.

Table 2 Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses of the association between the predictor variables and the outcome variables in periapical radiolucency

Variables	Univariable		Multivariable		Stepwise multivariable
	Odds ratio	95% CI	Odds ratio	95% CI	Odds ratio	95% CI
Age, per year increase	1.03	0.99–1.07	1.09	1.00–1.20	1.10	1.01–1.19
Male sex (yes/no)	2.53	1.02–6.26	1.71	0.50–7.21
Smoking (yes/no)	2.31	0.97–5.48	3.31	1.09–16.63	3.24	1.02–17.62
Comorbidity	1.04	0.60–1.79	1.13	0.51–2.34
Visiting dentist annually (yes/no)	0.36	0.15–0.90	0.87	0.23–3.24
Gross caries	2.63	1.37–5.04	2.99	1.45–6.17	3.12	1.43–6.79
Severe periodontitis (yes/no)	3.05	1.28–7.23	3.39	1.00–16.70	3.98	1.04–15.20
Alcoholic cirrhosis (yes/no)	1.55	0.61–3.94	1.05	0.31–1.29
MELD score	1.01	0.95–1.08	1.00	0.90–1.11
Current cirrhosis compilations (yes/no)	2.39	1.58–5.78	2.34	1.54–34.99	2.90	1.91–32.68
CRP, per mg/L increase	1.02	1.01–1.04	1.02	1.01–1.06	1.02	1.01–1.06
P-albumin, per g/L increase	0.94	0.89–0.99	0.96	0.89–0.99	0.96	0.89–0.99

Note: Statistically significant associations are shown in bold.

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; CRP, C-reactive protein; MELD, Model of End-Stage Liver Disease.

Figure 1 Radiograph of right mandibular second premolar showing gross caries and periapical radiolucency.