Evaluation of the Effect of Hydromethanolic Seed Extract of Lepidium sativum L. (Fetto) on Deep-fried Palm Oil Diet Induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease on Male Swiss Albino Mice

Figures & data

Table 1 Animal Grouping

Groups	Category	Dose Administration
I	Normal control (C0)	Normal mice pellets + distilled water
II	Negative control (C1)	Deep-fried palm oil diet (DFPOD) + distilled water
III	Treatment one (T1)	DFPOD + 200 mg/kg HMSELS
IV	Treatment two (T2)	DFPOD + 400 mg/kg HMSELS

Abbreviations: C, control; T, treatment; DFPOD, deep-fried palm oil diet; HMSELS, hydromethanolic seed extract of Lepidium sativum L.

Table 2 Preliminary Phytochemical Screening Results of HMSELS

Phytochemical Constituents	Status
Alkaloid	+
Terpenoid	−
Flavonoid	+
Phenol	−
Steroid	+
Saponin	+
Quinone	+

Abbreviations: HMSELS, hydromethanolic seed extract of Lepidium sativum; −, absent; +, present.

Figure 1 Effect of HMSELS on the body weight change at different days (expressed in terms of mean ±SEM).

Table 3 Comparison of Mean ±SEM Value of Body Weight and Liver Weight Among the Four Groups

Groups	Body Weight (g)			Liver Weight (g)
	Day 0	Day 28	Change	Absolute	Liver Index (%)
I	39.10±0.09	44.00±0.36	4.83±1.01	2.02±0.08	4.71±0.16
II	37.10±1.93	42.83±0.06	6.33±1.94	2.81±0.19^a	6.38±0.42^a
III	38.80±0.79	42.80±0.30	4.00±0.93	2.39 ± 0.81	5.57 ± 0.21
IV	39.60±0.76	43.00±0.63	3.33±0.49	1.96±0.58^b	4.57±0.18^b

Notes: The results were expressed as mean ±SEM, (n=6), P<0.05. Symbols represent statistical significance. ^aConsidered significantly different at P<0.05 when compared with the normal control group. ^bConsidered significantly different at P<0.05 when compared with the negative control group.

Table 4 Comparison of the Mean ±SEM Value of Liver Enzymes Among the Four Groups of Male Swiss Albino Mice

Groups	Liver Enzymes
	ALT (U/L)	AST (U/L)	ALP (U/L)
I	38.33±1.89	62.83±2.48	91.33±1.64
II	65.66±1.11^a	131.00±5.11^a	173.00±3.46^a
III	58.83±3.05^a	94.8±5.12^ab	160.83±2.7^ab
IV	41.1±2.24^b	86.33±0.71^ab	154.00±1.65^ab

Notes: The results were expressed as mean ±SEM. Symbols represent statistical significance. ^aConsidered significantly different at P<0.05 when compared with the normal control group. ^bConsidered significantly different at P<0.05 when compared with the negative control group.

Table 5 Comparison of the Mean ±SEM Value of Albumin and Total Bilirubin Among the Four Groups of Male Swiss Albino Mice

Groups
	Albumin (mg/dL)	Total Bilirubin (mg/dL)
I	3.62±0.18	0.17±0.01
II	2.22±0.11^a	0.48±0.07^a
III	2.95±0.29	0.38±0.04^a
IV	3.07±0.13^b	0.23±0.38^b

Notes: The results were expressed as mean ±SEM. Symbols represent statistical significance. ^aConsidered significantly different at P<0.05 when compared with the normal control group. ^bConsidered significantly different at P<0.05 when compared with the negative control group.

Figure 2 Photomicrographs of H&E stained liver sections of mice. (A) Group I. (B) Group II – liver sections present severe degenerative changes in hepatocytes including fatty changes (arrows). (C) Group III. (D) Group IV.