Masked hypertension and cardiovascular outcomes: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis

Figures & data

Table 1 Study characteristics

Study	Study design	Sample size				Mean follow-up (years)
		Masked HTN	Normotension	White-coat HTN	Sustained HTN
Björklund et al (2003)^Citation27	Prospective observational study	82	188		308	5.9
Fagard et al (2005)^Citation28	Prospective observational study	31	136	87	105	10.9
Mancia et al (2006)^Citation29	Prospective observational study	184	909	242	528	12.3
Hansen et al (2006)^Citation30	Prospective observational study	211	859	159	471	12.8
Pierdomenico et al (2008)^Citation31	Prospective observational study	120	471			6.6
Stergiou et al (2014)^Citation16	Prospective observational study	636	3312	925	1585	8.3
Asayama et al (2014)^Citation32	Prospective observational study	1612	4176	515	1934	11.1
Booth et al (2016)^Citation7	Prospective observational study	385	353			8.5
Tientcheu et al (2017)^Citation6	Prospective observational study	256	865	56	212	9.5

Abbreviation: HTN, hypertension.

Table 2 Baseline clinical characteristics

Study	Age (mean, years)				Males (%)				BMI (mean, kg/m^2)				Smokers (%)				DM (%)
	Masked HTN	Normo-tension	White-coat HTN	Sustained HTN	Masked HTN	Normo-tension	White-coat HTN	Sustained HTN	Masked HTN	Normo-tension	White-coat HTN	Sustained HTN	Masked HTN	Normo-tension	White-coat HTN	Sustained HTN	Masked HTN	Normo-tension	White-coat HTN	Sustained HTN
Björklund et al^Citation27	70	70		70	100	100		100	26	25		26	22	21		22	5	6		15
Fagard et al^Citation28	68	69	70	72	55	48	28	35	28	27	27	28	29	26	8	12	0	4	10	12
Mancia et al^Citation29	53	44	52	60	68	43	53	58	26	24	27	28	42	27	24	21
Hansen et al^Citation30	55	53	60	60	63	45	41	63	26	24	26	27	52	50	22	38	3	1	1	4
Pierdomenico et al^Citation31	50	50			57	44			26	26			30	19
Stergiou et al^Citation16	65	60	62	66	54	37	43	46	26	24	25	27	26	17	15	18	16	8	10	13
Asayama et al^Citation32	53	46	59	61	63	45	54	67	26	24	26	27	37	31	19	27	7	4	8	9
Booth et al^Citation7	60	57			37	21			31	31			12	7			31	17
Tientcheu et al^Citation6	47	40	49	50	47	44	42	46	31	28	31	32	30	26	27	32	17	7	21	21

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; DM, diabetes mellitus; HTN, hypertension.

Table 3 Clinic and ambulatory blood pressure measurements

Study	Clinic BP (mmHg)				Ambulatory BP (mmHg)				Normal ambulatory BP
	Masked HTN	Normotension	White-coat HTN	Sustained HTN	Masked HTN	Normotension	White-coat HTN	Sustained HTN
Björklund et al^Citation27	129/77	126/76		155/87	145/80 (daytime)	124/73 (daytime)		151/84 (daytime)	Daytime <135/85
					115/64 (nighttime)	106/62 (nighttime)		127/69 (nighttime)
Fagard et al^Citation28	128/75	123/72	154/80	163/83	140/84 (daytime)	120/73 (daytime)	126/72 (daytime)	145/83 (daytime)	Daytime <135/85
Mancia et al^Citation29	126/81	118/77	140/90	157/94	134/84	111/70	120/75	146/86	Home <135/83
Hansen et al^Citation30	126/82	117/77	144/90	148/92	139/84 (daytime)	123/74 (daytime)	129/77 (daytime) 112/63	145/87 (daytime)	Daytime <135/85
					115/67 (nighttime)	106/60 (nighttime)	(nighttime) 124/73	125/71 (nighttime)
					133/79 (24 hours)	118/70 (24 hours)	(24 hours)	139/82 (24 hours)
Pierdomenico et al^Citation31	133/82	129/80			135/85 (daytime)	124/77 (daytime)			Daytime <135/85
					118/71 (nighttime)	110/65 (nighttime)
					130/81 (24 hours)	120/74 (24 hours)
Stergiou et al^Citation16	128/76	122/73	149/86	157/89	142/84	118/71	124/75	149/85	24 hours <135/85
Asayama et al^Citation32	126/79	117/73	148/86	157/92	139/85 (daytime)	121/74 (daytime)	128/77 (daytime) 110/63	147/87 (daytime)	Daytime <135/85
					121/70 (nighttime)	104/60 (nighttime)	(nighttime) 121/72	128/73 (nighttime)	nighttime <120/70
					133/80 (24 hours)	115/69 (24 hours)	(24 hours)	141/83 (24 hours)	24 hours <130/80
Booth et al^Citation7	123/75	117/74			134/80 (daytime)	119/72 (daytime)			Daytime <135/85
					127/72 (nighttime)	107/61 (nighttime)			nighttime <120/70
					131/77 (24 hours)	114/68 (24 hours)			24 hours <130/80
Tientcheu et al^Citation6	141/87	117/74	123/76	154/92	127/79	118/74	146/88	153/91	24 hours <135/85

Abbreviations: BP, blood pressure; HTN, hypertension.

Figure 1 Masked HTN versus normotension – whole cohort.

Notes: (A) Composite cardiovascular events. (B) All-cause mortality.
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HTN, hypertension; M–H, Mantel–Haenszel.

Figure 2 Masked HTN versus white-coat HTN – whole cohort.

Notes: (A) Composite cardiovascular events. (B) All-cause mortality.
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HTN, hypertension; M–H, Mantel–Haenszel.

Figure 3 Masked HTN versus sustained HTN – whole cohort.

Notes: (A) Composite cardiovascular events. (B) All-cause mortality.
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HTN, hypertension; M–H, Mantel–Haenszel.

Figure 4 Masked HTN versus normotension – untreated.

Notes: (A) Composite cardiovascular events. (B) All-cause mortality.
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HTN, hypertension; M–H, Mantel–Haenszel.

Figure 5 Masked HTN versus white-coat HTN – untreated.

Notes: (A) Composite cardiovascular events. (B) All-cause mortality.
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HTN, hypertension; M–H, Mantel–Haenszel.

Figure 6 Masked HTN versus sustained HTN – untreated.

Notes: (A) Composite cardiovascular events. (B) All-cause mortality.
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HTN, hypertension; M–H, Mantel–Haenszel.

Figure 7 Masked HTN versus normotension – treated.

Notes: (A) Composite cardiovascular events. (B) All-cause mortality.
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HTN, hypertension; M–H, Mantel–Haenszel.

Figure 8 Masked HTN versus white-coat HTN – treated.

Notes: (A) Composite cardiovascular events. (B) All-cause mortality.
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HTN, hypertension; M–H, Mantel–Haenszel.

Figure 9 Masked HTN versus sustained HTN – treated.

Notes: (A) Composite cardiovascular events. (B) All-cause mortality.
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HTN, hypertension; M–H, Mantel–Haenszel.

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