Determinants of Preeclampsia Among Pregnant Women in Chiro Referral Hospital, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia: Unmatched Case–Control Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Pregnant Mothers Attending ANC Services in Chiro Referral Hospital, Ethiopia, 2020

Variable	Category	Cases (N=75)	Controls (N=227)
Age	≤20 years	7 (9.3%)	44 (19.4%)
	20–34 years	60 (80.0%)	144 (63.4%)
	≥35 years	8 (10.7%)	39 (17.2%)
Residence	Urban	42 (56.0%)	96 (42.3%)
	Rural	33 (44.0%)	131 (57.7%)
Marital status	Married/live together	58 (77.3%)	189 (83.3%)
	Never married	9 (12.0%)	22 (9.7%)
	Others	8 (10.7%)	16 (7.0%)
Religion	Protestant	35 (46.7%)	103 (45.4%)
	Orthodox	18 (24.0%)	65 (28.6%)
	Muslim	16 (21.3%)	47 (20.7%)
	Others	6 (8.0%)	12 (5.3%)
Ethnicity	Oromo	53 (70.7%)	150 (67.2%)
	Amhara	15 (20.0%)	57 (25.1%)
	Others	7 (9.3%)	20 (8.8%)
Mothers` Educational level	No formal education	31 (41.3%)	53 (23.3%)
	Formal education	44 (58.7%)	174 (76.7%)
Occupation	Housewife	32 (42.7%)	111 (47.4%)
	Government	16 (21.3%)	51 (22.5%)
	Self and private business	22 (29.3%)	55 (24.2%)
	Others	5 (6.7%)	10 (4.4%)
Husbands` educational level	No formal education	12 (16.0%)	35 (15.4%)
	Formal education	63 (84.0%)	192 (84.6%)

Table 2 Obstetrics and Medical History of Pregnant Mothers Attending ANC Services in Chiro Referral Hospital, Ethiopia, 2020

Variables	Category	Cases (N=75)	Controls (N=227)
Gravidity	Prim gravid	19 (25.3%)	110 (48.5%)
	Multi gravid	56 (74.7%)	117 (51.5%)
Type of pregnancy	Single	60 (80.0%)	199 (87.7%)
	Twin	15 (20.0%)	28 (12.3%)
Gestational DM	Yes	3 (4.0%)	18 (7.0%)
	No	72 (96.0)	209 (92.1%)
COC use	Yes	26 (34.7%)	94 (41.4%)
	No	49 (65.3%)	133 (58.6%)
Age at menarche	<15 years	53 (70.7%)	147 (64.8%)
	≥15 years	22 (29.3%)	80 (35.2%)
History of PIH (n=214)	Yes	12 (28.5%)	63 (38.7%)
	No	39 (28.1%)	100 (61.3%)
Pregnancy interval (n=214)	≤5 years	32 (62.7%)	90 (55.2%)
	>5 years	19 (37.3%)	73 (44.8%)
History of abortion	Yes	16 (21.3%)	42 (18.5%)
	No	59 (78.7%)	185 (81.5%)
How many abortions (n=58)	Once	10 (62.5%)	31 (73.8%)
	>Once	6 (37.5%)	11 (26.2%)
Chronic DM	Yes	9 (12.0%)	19 (8.4%)
	No	66 (88.0%)	208 (91.6%)
Cardiac disease	Yes	1 (1.3)	9 (4.0%)
	No	74 (98.7%)	218 (96.0%)
Renal disease	Yes	16 (21.3%)	46 (20.3%)
	No	59 (78.7%)	181 (79.7%)
UTI/pyelonephritis	Yes	30 (40.0%)	68 (30.0%)
	No	45 (70.0%)	159 (70.0%)
Hemoglobin level	≥11 mh/dL	12 (16.0%)	12 (5.3%)
	<11 mg/dL	63 (84.0%)	215 (94.7%)

Table 3 Familial and Lifestyle Related Factors of Pregnant Mothers Attending ANC Services in the Chiro Referral Hospital, Ethiopia, 2020

Variables	Category	Cases (N=75)	Controls (N=227)
Family history of hypertension	Yes	12 (16.0%)	80 (35.2%)
	No	63 (84.0%)	147 (64.8%)
MUAC	≤22.2 cm	38 (50.7%)	137 (60.4%)
	>22.2 cm	37 (49.3%)	90 (39.6%)
Smoking history	Yes	3 (4.0%)	9 (4.0%)
	No	72 (96.0)	218 (96.0%)
Traditional txt use	Yes	8 (10.7%)	15 (6.6%)
	No	67 (89.3%)	212 (93.4%)
Coffee use	Yes	63 (84.0%)	180 (79.3%)
	No	12 (16.0%)	47 (20.7%)
Frequency of coffee use (N=243)	<1 day	59 (93.7%)	162 (90.0%)
Volume of coffee use (N=243)	<3 cups	33 (52.4%)	98 (54.4%)
	≥3 cups	30 (47.6%)	82 (45.6%)
Alcohol intake	Yes	19 (25.3%)	41 (18.1%)
	No	56 (74.7%)	186 (81.9%)
Physical exercise	Yes	14 (18.7%)	61 (26.9%)
	No	61 (81.3%)	166 (73.1%)
Fruit consumer	Yes	14 (18.7%)	28 (12.3%)
	No	61 (81.3%)	199 (89.7%)
Vegetable consumer	Yes	8 (10.7%)	30 (13.2%)
	No	67 (89.3%)	197 (74.6%)

Table 4 Determinants of Preeclampsia Among Pregnant Mothers Attending ANC Services in Chiro Referral Hospital, Ethiopia, 2020

Variables	Category	Controls (N=227)	Cases (N=75)	COR (95% CI)	AOR (95% CI)	p-value
Age	<20 year	44 (19.4%)	7 (9.3%)	2.62 (1.12–614)	2.50 (0.88–7.00)	0.084
	20–34 year	144 (63.4%)	60 (80.0%)	1
	≥35 year	39 (17.2%)	8 (10.7%)	2.03 (0.90–4.60)	4.00 (1.25–12.80)	0.019*
Residence	Urban	96 (42.3%)	42 (56.0%)	1
	Rural	131 (57.7%)	33 (44.0%)	1.73 (1.02–2.94)	3.30 (1.50–7.26)	0.003*
Maternal educational status	Illiterate	53 (23.3%)	31 (41.3%)	0.43 (0.25–0.75)	0.14 (0.06–0.33)	0.067
	Literate	174 (76.7%)	44 (58.7%)	1
Family history of hypertension	Yes	80 (35.2%)	12 (16.0%)	2.86 (1.45–5.61)	3.25 (1.36–7.73)	0.008*
	No	147 (64.8%)	63 (84.0%)	1
	≥1 day	4 (6.3%)	18 (10.0%)
MUAC	≤22.2	137 (60.4%)	38 (50.7%)	1
	>22.2	90 (39.6%)	37 (49.3%)	0.68 (0.40–1.14)	0.63 (0.29–1.39)	0.235
Physical exercise	Yes	61 (26.9%)	14 (18.7%)	1.60 (0.84–3.67)	1.46 (0.60–3.52)	0.405
	No	166 (73.1%)	61 (81.3%)	1
Alcohol use	Yes	41 (18.1%)	19 (25.3%)	0.65 (0.34–1.21)	0.45 (0.19–1.06)	0.067
	No	186 (81.9%)	56 (74.7%)	1
Gravidity	Prim gravid	110 (48.5%)	19 (25.3%)	2.77 (1.55–4.96)	3.71 (1.49–9.22)	0.005*
	Multi gravida	117 (51.5%)	56 (74.7%)	1
Multiplicity of pregnancy	Single	199 (87.7%)	60 (80.0%)	1
	Twin	28 (12.3%)	15 (20.0%)	0.56 (0.28–1.12)	0.48 (0.18–1.29)	0.144
History of PIH (n=214)	Yes	63 (38.7%)	12 (28.5%)	2.04 (1.00–4.20)	1.66 (0.72–3.82)	0.232
	No	100 (61.3%)	39 (28.1%)	1
UTI/pyelonephritis	Yes	68 (30.0%)	30 (40.0%)	0.64 (0.37–1.10)	0.55 (0.26–1.19)	0.129
	No	159 (70.0%)	45 (70.0%)	1
Hemoglobin level	≥11 mh/dL	12 (5.3%)	12 (16.0%)	0.29 (0.13–0.68)	0.87 (0.20–3.75)	0.885
	<11 mg/dL	215 (94.7%)	63 (84.0%)	1
Fruit consumption	Yes	28 (12.3%)	14 (18.7)	0.61 (0.30–1.24)	0.38 (0.15–0.98)	0.046*
	No	199 (89.7%)	61 (81.3)	1

Note: *Significant factors.