Insight into Acinetobacter baumannii: pathogenesis, global resistance, mechanisms of resistance, treatment options, and alternative modalities

Figures & data

Table 1 Studies showing colistin resistance by Acinetobacter in different regions of the world

Author	Year	% Colistin resistance (resistant isolate/total)	Region	Reference
Bashir et al	2014	1 (1/100)	Pakistan	104
Qadeer et al	2016	3	Pakistan	105
Gupta et al	2016	53.1 (17/32)	India	106
Pawar et al	2016	11.9 (42/359)	India	107
Am et al	2016	4.2 (45/47)	India	108
Samawi et al	2016	1.4 (2/137)	Qatar	109
Maraki et al	2016	7.9 (15/189)	Greece	110
Al-Samaree et al	2016	20 (10/50)	Iraq	111
Alaei et al	2016	16 (14/85)	Iran	112
El-Shazly et al	2015	4.7 (1/21)	USA	113
Maspi et al	2016	48.8 (42/86)	Iran	114
Ambrosi et al		3.2 (1/31)	Italy	115
Chang et al	2012	10.4 (14.134)	Taiwan	116
Rossi et al	2016	1.4 (102/7446)	Brazil	117
Batarseh et al	2015	1.8(2/116)	Jordan	118
Qureshi et al	2015	20 cases	USA	119
Tojo et al	2015	1 case	Japan	120
Daadani et al	2013	1.8 (24/1307)	Saudi Arabia	121
Cikman et al	2015	2.5 (1/40)	Turkey	122
Castanheira et al	2014	1.2 (65/5477)	USA	123
Al-Sweih et al	2011	12 (30/250)	Kuwait	124
Ghasemian et al	2016	8 (4/50)	Iran	125

Table 2 Studies showing tigecycline resistance by Acinetobacter in different regions of the world

Author	Year	% Tigecycline resistance (resistant isolate/total)	Region	Reference
Kulah et al	2009	14.3	Turkey	126
Liao et al	2008	19.1	Taiwan	127
Dizbay et al	2008	47	Turkey	128
Behera et al	2009	57.6	India	129
Chang et al	2012	45.5	Taiwan	116
Kim et al	2010	23.4	Korea	130
Al-Sweih et al	2011	13.6	Kuwait	124
Van et al	2014	41.3	Vietnam	131
Baadani et al	2013	9.7	Saudi Arabia	121
Garza-Gonzalez et al	2010	3	Mexico	132
Garcia et al	2009	20	Chile	133
Rizek et al	2015	0	Brazil	134
Ahmed et al	2012	24	South Africa	135
Capone et al	2008	27.5	Italy	136
Mendes et al	2010	3	Worldwide	137
Dizbat et al	2008	25.8	Turkey	138
Farrell et al	2010	0.2 (1/397)	Asia-Western Pacific	139
Bahador et al	2013	20	Iran	140
Hasan et al	2014	20	Pakistan	141
Al-Agamy et al	2016	56	Saudi Arabia	142
Chmielar et al	2016	18.4 (23/125)	Poland	143
Tsioutis et al	2016	74.2	Greece	144

Figure 1 Different mechanisms of resistance in A. baumannii: (I) beta-lactams; (II) aminoglycosides; (III) quinolones; (IV) colistin.

Abbreviations: AME, aminoglycoside modifying enzyme; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; OMP, outer membrane porin; PBP, penicillin-binding protein.