Antibiotic resistance: a rundown of a global crisis

Figures & data

Figure 1 Drivers of antibiotic resistance transmission.

Figure 2 Various mechanisms of antibiotic resistance, including drug efflux with the help of efflux pump, enzymatic modifications of the antibiotic, enzymatic breakdown of the antibiotics, and modification in the target sites.

Table 1 Various product types as alternatives to antibiotics for the therapeutic management of bacterial infections

Target bacteria	Product name	Product type	Company	References
Clostridium	AmpliPhage-004	Bacteriophages	AmpliPhi Biosciences	113
difficile	Phenylbutyrate/vitamin D	Immune stimulator	Akthelia Pharmaceuticals	114, 115
	C. difficile toxoid vaccine	Vaccine	Sanofi Pasteur	116
	IC84	Vaccine	Valneva	117
	NVB302	Antimicrobial peptides	Novacta Biosystems	118
	AP-114	Antimicrobial peptides	Adenium Biotech	119
	Bezlotoxumab	Antibodies	Merck	120, 121
	RBX2660	Probiotics	Rebiotix	122
	SER-109	Probiotics	Seres Therapeutics	123
	VP20621	Probiotics	ViroPharma (Shire)	124
Staphylococcus	SA4Ag	Vaccines	Pfizer	125
aureus	AP-138	Antimicrobial peptide	Adenium Biotech	119
	SAL200	Lysins	INTRON Biotechnology	126
	CF-301	Lysins	ContraFect	127
	MEDI4893	Antibodies	MedImmune	121, 128
	Salvecin	Antibodies	Aridis Pharmaceuticals	129
	514G3	Antibodies	XBiotech	130
Pseudomonas	AmpliPhage-001	Bacteriophages	AmpliPhi Biosciences	131
aeruginosa	PT-3.1	Bacteriophages	Phico Therapeutics	132
	IC43	Vaccines	Valneva	133
	Murepavadin	Antimicrobial peptides	Roche	134
	Aerumab	Antibodies	Aridis Pharmaceuticals	135
	Aerucin	Antibodies	Aridis Pharmaceuticals	136
	MEDI3902	Antibodies	MedImmune	137