Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia among liver transplant recipients

Figures & data

Table 1 The incidence rates of Pseudomonas spp. in all pathogens causing BSIs in LT recipients

Author (year /country)	Transplantation type	Type of NLF GNB	The incidence rates (the proportion of Pseudomonas spp. in all pathogens causing BSIs in LT recipients)
Fulginiti et al (1968/USA)	LT	Pseudomonas spp.	Pseudomonas spp.: 5.9% (2/34)
Schröter et al (1976/USA)	LT	P. aeruginosa	P. aeruginosa: 6.0% (9/151)
Colonna et al (1988/USA)	LT	P. aeruginosa + Stenotrophomonas maltophilia	P. aeruginosa: 18.2% (2/11)
George et al (1991/USA)	LT	P. aeruginosa	P. aeruginosa: 15.5% (9/58)
wade et al (1995/ England)	LT	S. maltophilia + Pseudomonas spp.	Pseudomonas spp.: 4.5% (3/67)
Falagas et al (1996/USA)	LT	Acinetobacter + P. aeruginosa	P. aeruginosa: 8.4% (7/83)
Singh et al (2000/USA)	LT	P. aeruginosa	P. aeruginosa: 19.0% (8/42)
Munoz-Price et al (2004/USA)	LT	Pseudomonas spp.	Pseudomonas spp.: 3.4% (2/59)
Singh et al (2004/USA)	LT	P. aeruginosa	P. aeruginosa: 12.7% (10/79)
Kawecki et al (2007/USA)	LT	P. aeruginosa + Pseudomonas putida + S. maltophilia	P. aeruginosa: 3.7% (1/35)
Shi et al (2009/China)	LT	Acinetobacter baumannii + S. maltophilia + Pseudomonas spp.	P. aeruginosa: 6.8% (22/323)
Bert et al (2010/France)	LT	A. baumannii + P. aeruginosa + S. maltophilia + Burkholderia cepacia	P. aeruginosa: 8.8% (25/259)
Lee et al (2011/USA)	LT	NLF GNB	P. aeruginosa: 4.9% (6/123)
Karvellas et al (2011/UK)	LT	A. baumannii + Pseudomonas spp.	Pseudomonas spp.: 6.9% (2/29)
Sganga et al (2012/Italy)	LT	A. baumannii + P. aeruginosa	P. aeruginosa: 15.9% (7/44)
Kim et al (2013/Korea)	LT	A. baumannii + P. aeruginosa + Pseudomonas fluorescens + P. putida + S. maltophilia	P. aeruginosa: 8.9% (10/112)
wan et al (2013/China)	LT (2002-2012)	A. baumannii + S. maltophilia + Pseudomonas spp.	Pseudomonas spp.: 5.2% (4/77)
wan et al (2013/China)	LT (2002-2014)	A. baumannii + S. maltophilia + Pseudomonas spp. + Achromobacer xylosoxidans	P. aeruginosa: 8.5% (4/47) of all negative bacteremia
wan et al (2015/China)	LT (2002-2013)	A. baumannii + P. aeruginosa + the other NLF GNB	P. aeruginosa: 3.7% (4/108)
Hashimoto et al (2008/Japan)	LDLT	P. aeruginosa + Pseudomonas cepacia + S . maltophilia	P. aeruginosa: 7.7% (2/26)
Kim et al (2009/Korea)	LDLT	P. aeruginosa + A. baumannii + Chryseobacterium meningosepticum + Acinetobacter Iwoffii	P. aeruginosa: 2.5% (1/40)
Iida et al (2010/Japan)	LDLT	A. baumannii + P. aeruginosa + S. maltophilia	P. aeruginosa: 22.2% (26/117)
wagener et al (1992/USA)	SOT	P. aeruginosa	P. aeruginosa: 21.7% (15/69)
McClean et al (1994/Canada)	SOT	Pseudomonas spp.	Pseudomonas spp.: 4.8% (1/21)
Moreno et al (2007/Spain)	SOT	A. baumannii + S. maltophilia + P. aeruginosa.	P. aeruginosa.: 6.5% (9/138)
Al-Hasan et al (2009/USA)	SOT	P. aeruginosa	P. aeruginosa: 9.4% (5/53) of all negative bacteremia
Yesilkaya et al (2013/Turkey)	SOT	A. baumannii + P. aeruginosa + S. maltophilia	P. aeruginosa: 5.3% (12/228)
Bodro et al (2013/Spain)	SOT	A. baumannii + P. aeruginosa + the other NLF GNB	Carbapenem- and quinolone- resistant P. aeruginosa: 12.7% (9/97)
Bodro et al (2015/Spain)	SOT	XDR P. aeruginosa	XDR P. aeruginosa: 9.3% (10/107)

Abbreviations: BSIs, bloodstream infections; GNB, non-lactose fermenting Gram-negative bacilli; LDLT, living donor liver transplantation; LT, liver transplantation; NLF, non-lactose fermenting; SOT, solid organ transplantation; XDR, extensively drug-resistant.

Table 2 The mortality rates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia in LT recipients

Author (year/country)	Transplantation type	Microbiology of NLF GNB	Mortality due to P. aeruginosa bacteremia
Korvick et al (1991/USA)	LT	P. aeruginosa + the other NLF GNB	30% (7/23) for 14-day mortality rate after bacteremia.
Singh et al (2004/USA)	LT	P. aeruginosa	30% (3/10) for 30-day mortality rate after bacteremia.
Bert et al (2010/France)	LT	Acinetobacter baumannii + P. aeruginosa + Stenotrophomonas maltophilia + Burkholderia cepacia	28% (7/25) for 15-day mortality after bacteremia.
Kim et al (2009/Korea)	LDLT	P. aeruginosa + A. baumannii Chryseobacterium meningosepticum + Acinetobacter Iwoffii +	0% (0/1) within 6 months after transplantation.
Hashimoto et al (2009/Japan)	LDLT	P. aeruginosa	0% (0/4) within 3 months after transplantation.
Linares et al (2009/Spain)	SOT	P. aeruginosa	0% (0/13) for 30-day mortality after bacteremia.
Johnson et al (2009/USA)	SOT + HSCT	P. aeruginosa	40% (31/77) for 28-day mortality after bacteremia.
Bodro et al (2015/Spain)	SOT	XDR P. aeruginosa	38% (11/31) of XDR P. aeruginosa bacteremia for 30-day overall mortality.

Abbreviations: GNB, non-lactose fermenting Gram-negative bacilli; HSCT, hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients; LDLT, living donor liver transplantation; LT, liver transplantation; NLF, non-lactose fermenting; SOT, solid organ transplantation; XDR, extensively drug-resistant.

Table 3 The proportion of MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa to all P. aeruginosa isolates causing bacteremia in LT recipients

Author (published year/country)	The study period/ organisms	Drug-resistance rate
Johnson et al (2009/USA) Shi et al (2009/China)	1996-2005/P. aeruginosa 2003-2006/Pseudomonas spp.	MDR: 47% (36/77)Imipenem resistance: 32% (10/31); cefoperazone-sulbactam resistance: 24% (8/33); ceftazidime resistance: 18% (6/33); ciprofloxacin resistance: 33% (11/33); piperacillin-tazobactam resistance: 21% (7/33)
Bert et al (2010/France)	1997-2007/Acinetobacter baumannii + P. aeruginosa + Stenotrophomonas maltophilia + Burkholderia cepacia	imipenem or piperacillin-tazobactam resistance: l6%(4/25); ceftazidime resistance: 8% (2/25); cefepime or amikacin resistance: 24% (6/25); gentamicin resistance: 44% (11/25); ciprofloxacin resistance: 36% (9/25)
Sganga et al (2012/Italy)	2008-2011/A. baumannii + P. aeruginosa	MDR: 12.5% (1/8) of NLF GNB. XDR: 62.5% (5/8) of NLF GNB
Ouyang et al (2015/China)	2002-2013/A. baumannii + P. aeruginosa + the other NLF GNB	Carbapenem and quinolone resistance: 25% (1/4)
Bodro et al (2015/Spain)	2007-2013/P. aeruginosa	XDR: 63.2% (31/49)

Abbreviations: GNB, non-lactose-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli; LT, liver transplantation; MDR, multidrug resistance; NLF, non-lactose fermenting; XDR, extensive drug-resistant.

Table 4 Primary sources of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia in LT recipients

Author (published year/ country)	Transplantation type	Organisms	The most common sources of bacteremia
Korvick et al (1991/USA)	LT	P. aeruginosa	Abdomen
Singh et al (2000/USA)	LT	P. aeruginosa	Abdomen/biliary tract
Singh et al (2004/USA)	LT	P. aeruginosa	Intravascular catheters
Bert et al (2010/France)	LT	Acinetobacter baumannii + P. aeruginosa + Stenotrophomonas maltophilia + Burkholderia cepacia	Urinary tract
Kim et al (2013/Korea)	LT	A. baumannii + P. aeruginosa + Pseudomonas fluorescens + P. putida + S. maltophilia	The biliary tract for Pseudomonas spp. bacteremia
Hashimoto et al (2008/Japan)	LDLT	P. aeruginosa + Pseudomonas cepacia + S. maltophilia	Intravascular catheters
Hashimoto et al (2009/Japan)	LDLT	P. aeruginosa	Intra-abdominal infections
wagener et al (1992/USA)	SOT	P. aeruginosa	Abdomen/biliary tract

Abbreviations: LDLT, living donor liver transplantation; LT, liver transplantation; SOT, solid organ transplantation.