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Original Research

Mutations in gyrB play an important role in ciprofloxacin-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa

, , , , , , , & show all
Pages 261-272 | Published online: 08 Feb 2019

Figures & data

Table 1 Primer sequence used in PCR and RT-PCR

Figure 1 The flowchart describing the experimental design.

Abbreviations: MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration; RT-PCR, reverse transcription PCR.

Figure 1 The flowchart describing the experimental design.Abbreviations: MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration; RT-PCR, reverse transcription PCR.

Table 2 MICs of 12 original strains (µg/mL)

Table 3 MICs of P. aeruginosa to CIP, LEV and OFX upon incubation in the CIP group

Table 4 MICs of P. aeruginosa to CIP, LEV and OFX upon incubation in the LEV group

Figure 2 Simple effect analysis of the relationship between groups and MICs to CIP, LEV and OFX.

Notes: (A) CIP. (B) LEV. (C) OFX. 3/0, 5/0: MICs on day 3 or 5 divided by the original MICs, which means the MIC incremental quantity on day 3 or 5. 3/1, 5/1: MICs on day 3 or 5 divided by the MICs on day 1, which means the MIC incremental speed on day 3 or 5. 1/0: MICs on day 1 divided by the original MICs, which means the MIC incremental quantity and speed on day 1. 5/3: MICs on day 5 divided by MICs on day 3, which means the MIC incremental speed on day 5. There is a statistical difference between the CIP group and the LEV group for the same MIC increment and the same drug (*P<0.05). There is a statistical difference between the CIP group and the LEV group for the same MIC increment and the same drug (**P<0.001).

Abbreviations: CIP, ciprofloxacin; LEV, levofloxacin; MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration; OFX, ofloxacin.

Figure 2 Simple effect analysis of the relationship between groups and MICs to CIP, LEV and OFX.Notes: (A) CIP. (B) LEV. (C) OFX. 3/0, 5/0: MICs on day 3 or 5 divided by the original MICs, which means the MIC incremental quantity on day 3 or 5. 3/1, 5/1: MICs on day 3 or 5 divided by the MICs on day 1, which means the MIC incremental speed on day 3 or 5. 1/0: MICs on day 1 divided by the original MICs, which means the MIC incremental quantity and speed on day 1. 5/3: MICs on day 5 divided by MICs on day 3, which means the MIC incremental speed on day 5. There is a statistical difference between the CIP group and the LEV group for the same MIC increment and the same drug (*P<0.05). There is a statistical difference between the CIP group and the LEV group for the same MIC increment and the same drug (**P<0.001).Abbreviations: CIP, ciprofloxacin; LEV, levofloxacin; MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration; OFX, ofloxacin.

Figure 3 The comparison of resistance rates of strains to CIP, LEV and OFX between the two groups.

Notes: (A) CIP. (B) LEV. (C) OFX. There was a statistical difference between the two groups (*P<0.05).

Abbreviations: CIP, ciprofloxacin; LEV, levofloxacin; MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration; OFX, ofloxacin.

Figure 3 The comparison of resistance rates of strains to CIP, LEV and OFX between the two groups.Notes: (A) CIP. (B) LEV. (C) OFX. There was a statistical difference between the two groups (*P<0.05).Abbreviations: CIP, ciprofloxacin; LEV, levofloxacin; MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration; OFX, ofloxacin.

Table 5 MICs of 23 strains used for sequencing (µg/mL)

Table 6 Amino acid alterations of P. aeruginosa in gyrA

Table 7 Amino acid alterations of P. aeruginosa in gyrB

Figure 4 The relative expression of two efflux pumps genes – MexA and MexE.

Notes: (A) MexA. (B) MexE. The efflux pump was highly expressed if the relative expression of MexA was higher than 3.00. The efflux pump was highly expressed if the relative expression of MexE was higher than 10.00.

Abbreviation: MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration.

Figure 4 The relative expression of two efflux pumps genes – MexA and MexE.Notes: (A) MexA. (B) MexE. The efflux pump was highly expressed if the relative expression of MexA was higher than 3.00. The efflux pump was highly expressed if the relative expression of MexE was higher than 10.00.Abbreviation: MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration.