Raoultella ornithinolytica: Emergence and Resistance

Figures & data

Table 1 Reported Cases of Gastrointestinal Infections with Raoultella ornithinolytica

Author	Year	Age (Yr)	Sex	Comorbidities	Diagnosis	Positive Sample	Identification Technique	Antimicrobial Susceptibility	Treatment	Clinical Outcome
Morais et al^Citation62	2009	82	Female	Hypertension	Enteric fever-like syndrome	Blood	API	-	Ciprofloxacin (10 days) then amoxicillin/clavulanate (10 days)	Improvement
				Degenerative arthropathy		Stool
Mau et al^Citation63	2010	0 (<1 month)	Male	Visceral heterotaxy	NEC and septicemia	Blood	-	S: Aminoglycosides, cefepime, carbapenems, quinolones, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole	Empirical cefepime, metronidazole, amikacin and fluconazole, then amikacin and meropenem	Improvement
				Functional asplenia
				Congenital heart block
				Double outlet single ventricle
Hadano et al^Citation64	2012	92	Male	Hypertension	Cholangitis	Blood	MicroScan	S: Piperacillin, amoxicillin/clavulanate, piperacillin/tazobactam, ceftriaxone, cefepime, meropenem, gentamicin, levofloxacin, minocycline, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, ceftazidime	Piperacillin/tazobactam (2 weeks)	Improvement then transfer to palliative care
				Advanced-stage cholangiocarcinoma
		52	Female	Advanced-stage pancreatic cancer	Cholangitis	Blood		S: Piperacillin, amoxicillin/clavulanate, piperacillin/tazobactam, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, cefepime, meropenem, gentamicin, levofloxacin, minocycline, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole	Imipenem/cilastatin then cefmetazole	Improvement
		59	Male	Early-stage gastric cancer (5 days post-distal gastrectomy)	Cholangitis	Blood		S: Piperacillin, amoxicillin/clavulanate, piperacillin/tazobactam, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, cefepime, meropenem, gentamicin, levofloxacin, minocycline, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole	Piperacillin/tazobactam then cefmetazole, followed by amoxicillin/clavulanate	Improvement
Haruki et al^Citation33	2014	73	Female	Cerebral infarction	Cholangitis	Blood	Microscan	S: Ceftriaxone, levofloxacin R: piperacillin	Piperacillin then ceftazidime	Improvement
		75	Male	Cholecystolithiasis				S: Ceftriaxone, levofloxacin, piperacillin	Cefepime and amikacin	Improvement
		92	Female	Cholangitis; pancreatitis; choledocholithiasis					Cefoperazone/sulbactam then ciprofloxacin	Improvement
		44	Male	Sigmoid colon cancer, liver metastasis					Cefoperazone/sulbactam then amoxicillin/clavulanate	Improvement
		77	Female	Cholangiocarcinoma				S: Ceftriaxone, levofloxacin R: piperacillin	Piperacillin/tazobactam then cefazolin	Improvement
Bhatt et al^Citation19	2015	75	Male	Hypertension	Sub-hepatic space infection	Peritoneal fluid (sub-hepatic drain)	VITEK^®2	S: Colistin, tigecycline R: Aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, cephalosporins, carbapenems	-	-
				Diabetes
				Whipple’s pancreaticoduodenectomy
Hajjar et al^Citation28	2018	54	Male	None	Appendicitis	Blood	MALDI-TOF MS	S: Amoxicillin/clavulanate, ciprofloxacin	Appendectomy Ciprofloxacin and metronidazole then amoxicillin/clavulanate	Improvement
					Septic shock	Peritoneal fluid

Abbreviations: Yr, year; MALDI-TOF MS, matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry; S, susceptible; R, resistant.

Table 2 Reported Cases of Urinary Tract Infections with Raoultella ornithinolytica

Author	Year	Age (Yr)	Sex	Comorbidities	Diagnosis	Positive Sample	Identification Technique/Antimicrobial Susceptibility Assessment	Antimicrobial Susceptibility	Treatment	Clinical Outcome
Haruki et al^Citation33	2014	65	Male	-	Acute prostatis	Blood	Microscan	S: Cefotaxime, levofloxacin R: Piperacillin	Cefixime then levofloxacin	Recovery
Nakasone et al^Citation11	2015	73	Female	Rheumatoid arthritis (methotrexate)	UTI	Urine	Not specified	S: Ampicillin-sulbactam, amikacin, ceftriaxone, gentamycin, tobramycin, cefepime, ciprofloxacin, nitrofurantoin, ertapenem, piperacillin-tazobactam, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole	Empirical oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for 3 days then oral ciprofloxacin for 5 days	Recovery
				Previous urosepsis due to CA-ESBL Escherichia coli
De Petris et al^Citation68	2018	0 (8 months)	Female	Previous UTI due to E. coli	UTI	Urine	MicroScan	Not specified	Empirical ceftriaxone (60 mg/kg/day) for 3 days then oral cefpodoxime proxetil (5 mg/kg) for a total of 10 days	Recovery
				Bilateral vesicoureteral reflux
Büyükcam et al^Citation10	2018	6	Female	Hydronephrosis and recurrent UTI	UTI	Urine	MALDI-TOF MS and VITEK^®2 (Bioméreux, France)	S: Gentamycin, amoxicillin/clavulanate, piperacillin/tazobactam, cefuroxime, amikacin, ciprofloxacin, ertapenem, imipenem, meropenem, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, ceftazidime, cefixime, cefuroxime axetil, fosfomycin, nitrofurantoin, cefoxitin, ceftriaxone	Cefixime (8 mg/kg/day) for 14 days	Recovery

Abbreviations: Yr, year; CA-ESBL, community-acquired extended-spectrum ß-lactamase; UTI, urinary tract infection; MALDI-TOF MS, matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry; S, susceptible; R, resistant.

Table 3 Reported Cases of Osteoarticular Infections with Raoultella ornithinolytica

Authors	Year	Age (Yr)	Sex	Comorbidities	Diagnosis	Positive Sample	Identification Technique	Antimicrobial Susceptibility	Treatment
Zheng et al^Citation57	2015	13	M	–	Wound infection (post-ORIF)	Wound fluid	16S rRNA gene sequencing	S: Ciprofloxacin, piperacillin/tazobactam R: Amikacin, ceftriaxone, imipenem, ertapenem, aztreonam, tobramycin, ceftazidime, gentamicin, ampicillin/sulbactam, cefepime	Debridement/drainage, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole
Venus et al^Citation70	2016	68	F	Sickle cell disease	Septic arthritis of the knee	Articular fluid	MALDI-TOF	S: Amoxicillin/clavulanate, cefazolin, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole	Knee irrigation and debridement	IV cefazolin (2 weeks) then oral ciprofloxacin (2 weeks)
				Treated breast cancer
Seng et al^Citation69	2016	67	M	COPD	Prosthetic joint infection	Periprosthetic effusion	MALDI-TOF	S: Amoxicillin/clavulanate, ticarcillin/clavulanate, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, aminoglycosides, cotrimoxazole R: Amoxicillin, rifampin	Prosthetic exchange	IV ceftriaxone (1 month) and oral ciprofloxacin, then oral doxycycline and ciprofloxacin
				Peripheral artery disease			16s rRNA gene sequencing
				Hypertension
				Bilateral hip prosthesis
				Plate osteosynthesis of a periprosthetic femur fracture
Levorova et al^Citation5	2017	38	F	-	Septic arthritis of the temporomandibular joint	Articular fluid	Not specified	S: Amoxicillin/clavulanate, ampicillin/sulbactam, sulbactam, ciprofloxacin, cotrimoxazole, cefuroxime	Arthrocentesis	Amoxicillin and amoxicillin/clavulanate
Lam et al^Citation6	2018	85	M	Emphysema	Mandibular osteomyelitis	Aspirate of the abscess	MALDI-TOF	S: Ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, cefotaxime, piperacillin/tazobactam I: Cefazolin	Piperacillin/tazobactam (4 days) then amoxicillin/clavulanate (total of 1 month) then trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (2 months)
				Hypertension
				Dyslipidemia
				Molar extraction

Abbreviations: Yr, years; M, male; F, female; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ORIF, open reduction and internal fixation; rRNA, ribosomal RNA; MALDI-TOF MS, matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry; S, susceptible; R, resistant; I, intermediate.

Table 4 Reported Cases of Intrathoracic and Respiratory Infections with Raoultella ornithinolytica

Author	Year	Age (Yr)	Sex	Comorbidities	Diagnosis	Positive Sample	Identification Technique	Antimicrobial Susceptibility	Treatment	Clinical Outcome
Jellinge et al^Citation75	2017	48	Female	Subarachnoid haemorrhage	Unspecified	Tracheal culture	MALDI-TOF MS	S: Cefuroxime, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin R: Piperacillin/tazobactam	None	Recovery
				Percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy
Van Cleve et al^Citation27	2018	39	Male	Motor vehicle versus pedestrian trauma	Ventilator-associated pneumonia	BAL	Not specified	S: Amikacin, aztreonam, cefepime, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, gentamycin, imipenem, piperacillin/tazobactam, tobramycin, trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole I: Ampicillin/sulbactam (LLL) R: Ampicillin/sulbactam (RLL), cefazolin	Ceftazidime and vancomycin then piperacillin/tazobactam (total of 12 days)	Recovery
		50	Male	MVC	Ventilator-associated pneumonia	BAL	Not specified	S: Amikacin, aztreonam, cefepime, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, imipenem, piperacillin/tazobactam, tobramycin, trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole R: Ampicillin/sulbactam (RLL), cefazolin	Ampicillin/sulbactam then cefepime (total of 9 days)	Recovery
				Atrial fibrillation
				Myocardial infarction
				Pacemaker
				COPD
Papakanderaki et al^Citation76	2018	75	Male	NSCLC	Pulmonary infection	Sputum	Not specified	Not specified	Meropenem then ciprofloxacin	Recovery
				Left lower lobectomy
				Smoking (100 pack/years)

Abbreviations: Yr, year; MVC, motor vehicle collision; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; BAL, bronchoalveolar lavage; MALDI-TOF MS, matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry; S, susceptible; I, intermediate; R, resistant; LLL, left lower lobe; RLL, right lower lobe.

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