Molecular mechanisms related to colistin resistance in Enterobacteriaceae

Figures & data

Figure 1 Regulation and plasmid-mediated pathways of lipopolysaccharide modifications in Enterobacteriaceae.

Table 1 Acquired and intrinsic strategies employed by Gram-negative bacteria for achieving resistance to colistin

Genes	Gene function	E. coli	Kpneumoniae	Enterobacter spp.	Salmonella spp.	C. freunddii	Protrus mirabilis	Serratia marcescens	References
pmrA/pmrB	Modification of lipid A by arnBCADTEF operon, pmrC and pmrE genes	+	+	+	+	−	−	−	^Citation65,Citation68,Citation69,Citation129,Citation130
phoP/phoQ	Modification of lipid A by activation of the pmrHFIJKLM operon/activation of pmrAB by pmrD	+	+	+	+	−	−	−	^Citation50,Citation78,Citation131,Citation132
arnBCADTEF	Modification of lipid A by pEtN and L-4AraN	+	+	+	+	−	+	+	^Citation9,Citation45,Citation69,Citation129^–^Citation131
mgrB mutation	Overexpression of phoPQ and activation of pmrHFIJKLM	+	+	−	−	−	−	−	^Citation51,Citation79
ramA	Modulates lipid A biosynthesis	−	+	−	−	−	−	−	^Citation110
crrB mutation	Modification of lipid A by upregulation of pmrAB/activation of the glycosyltransferase	−	+	−	−	−	−	−	^Citation52
mcr1	Phosphoethanolamine teransferase	+	+	+	+	+	−	−	^Citation85,Citation94,Citation101,Citation133,Citation134
mcr2	Phosphoethanolamine teransferase	+	−	−	+	−	−	−	^Citation55,Citation135
mcr3	Phosphoethanolamine teransferase	+	−	−	+	−	−	−	^Citation102,Citation136
mcr4	Phosphoethanolamine teransferase	+	−	+	+	−	−	−	^Citation103,Citation137,Citation138
mcr5	Phosphoethanolamine teransferase	+	−	+	+	−	−	−	^Citation104,Citation139
mcr6	Phosphoethanolamine teransferase	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	^Citation105
mcr7	Phosphoethanolamine teransferase	−	+	−	−	−	−	−	^Citation106
mcr8	Phosphoethanolamine teransferase	+	+	−	−	−	−	−	^Citation107
acrB mutation	Efflux pump	+	+	−	−	−	−	−	^Citation36
KpnEF mutation	Efflux pump	−	+	−	−	−	−	−	^Citation117
sapABCDF mutation	Efflux pump	−	−	−	−	−	+	−	^Citation42

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