Molecular Mechanisms of Salmonella Effector Proteins: A Comprehensive Review

Figures & data

Table 1 Specifications of Salmonella Effector Proteins and Their Mechanisms

Effector Proteins	Location	Activity	Mechanisms
SipA	SPI-1	Activate caspase-1	Maturation of SCV
SopB	SPI-5	Activate Rho –GTPase, affecting ion balance	Maturation of SCV- mediate invasion
SopE	SPI-5 (Prophage)	Nucleotide exchange factor	Maturation of SCV- mediate invasion
SopA	SPI-1	Involved invasion	Maturation of SCV
SopD	Outside of SPI-1, cooperative with SopB, (translocate with SPI-1 T3SS)	Inhibit Rab-7 activity	Maturation of SCV- mediate invasion
SpvB	Plasmid (in subspecies I), chromosome in II, IIIa and VII	Induce apoptosis, Similar to vibrio accessory cholera entrotoxin	Mediate invasion
SpiC	SPI-2	Inhibit endosomal trafficking	Mediate invasion
SseF	SPI-2	Localize the SCV to the Golgi region	Mediate invasion
SseG	SPI-2	Interact with SseF	Mediate invasion
SseJ	SPI-2	Interact with OSBP1	Mediate invasion
SseL	SPI-2	Mediate macrophage killing	Mediate invasion
SspH2	SPI-12	Immune evasion	Intracellular survival

Figure 1 Interaction between Salmonella attachment factors (T3SS-independent entrance) and host proteins.

Table 2 Salmonella Adhesins and Their Effects

Adhesins	Species	Location	Effects
SiiE	All	SPI-4	Adhesin to the epithelial cell
MisL	All	SPI-3	Binding to the fibronectin
PagN	All	Chromosome	Bind to the heparan sulphate
STIV	S.typhi, S.Paratyphi	Chromosome	Bind to the MET in host cell
RcK	S.typhimurium, S.entritidis	Plasmid	Complement resistance

Figure 2 An overview of the entrance, Salmonella-containing vacuole formation, Sif formation, and replication inside the host vacuole.

Figure 3 A comprehensive review of Salmonella mechanisms in the regulation of pathogenic genes.