Gastrointestinal Tract Colonization Rate of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase- and Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae and Associated Factors Among Hospitalized Patients in Arba Minch General Hospital, Arba Minch, Ethiopia

Figures & data

Table 1 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Hospitalized Patients at Arba Minch General Hospital, 2019

Variables	Category	Frequency	Percentage
Sex	Male	181	43
	Female	240	57
Age	0–15	83	19.7
	16–25	90	21.4
	26–40	179	42.5
	41–60	59	14
	>60	10	2.4
Residence	Urban	210	49.9
	Rural	211	50.1
Educational level	Illiterate	162	38.5
	Preschool	44	10.5
	Primary school	112	26.6
	Secondary school	34	8.1
	College and above	69	16.4
Occupational status	Farmer	97	23
	Student	88	20.9
	Merchant	20	4.8
	Employee	73	17.3
	House wife	85	20.2
	Others	15	3.6
	No job	43	10.2
Family income	<1000 ETB	251	59.6
	1000–2000 ETB	111	26.4
	>2000 ETB	59	14
Habit of eating raw food	Yes	389	92.4
	No	32	7.6
Chronic disease	Yes	162	38.5
	No	259	61.5
Ward patient admitted	Medical inpatient	207	49.2
	Surgery	103	24.5
	Gynecology	40	9.5
	Pediatrics	71	16.9

Abbreviation: ETB, Ethiopian birr.

Table 2 Prevalence and Association of ESBL-PE Colonization Rate with Demographic and Clinical Factors Among Hospitalized Patients in Arba Minch General Hospital, 2019

Variable Categories		Colonization with ESBL-PE	Multivariate Analysis
		Positive N (%)	AOR	95% CI	P-value
Sex	Male	74(50.68)	1
	Female	72(49.32)	0.973	0.419–2.261	0.949
Age	0–15	29(19.86)	0.167	0.013–2.116	0.167
	16–25	40(27.39)	0.047	0.005–0.465	0.009
	26–40	55(37.67)	0.295	0.037–2.352	0.249
	41–60	17(11.64)	0.506	0.057–4.479	0.450
	>60	5(3.42)	1
Residence	Urban	54(39.98)	1
	Rural	92(69.02)	2.23	1.47–3.37	<0.001
Educational level	Illiterate	52(35.62)	-	-	-
	Preschool	14(9.58)	-	-	-
	Primary school	50(34.24)	-	-	-
	Secondary school	0	-	-	-
	College and above	30(20.55)	-	-	-
Occupational	Farmer	45(30.82)	-	-	-
	Student	45(30.82)	-	-	-
	Merchant	5(3.42)	-	-	-
	Employee	15(10.27)	-	-	-
	House wife	17(11.64)	-	-	-
	Others	5(3.42)	-	-	-
	No job	14(9.58)	-	-	-
Family income	<1000 ETB	98(67.12)	1.386	0.310–6.205	0.669
	1000–2000 ETB	30(20.55)	5.658	1.160–27.610	0.032
	>2000 ETB	18(12.33)	1
Raw food eating	Yes	128(87.67)	21.072	5.194–85.493	<0.001
	No	18(12.33)	1
Admission ward	Medical	70(47.95)	-	-	-
	Surgery	39(26.71)	-	-	-
	Gynecology	13(8.90)	-	-	-
	Pediatrics	24(16.44)	-	-	-
Chronic disease	Yes	72(49.32)	0.136	0.048–0.380	<0.001
	No	74(50.68)	1
Prev. hospitalization	Yes	43(29.45)	0.312	0.141–0.690	0.004
	No	103(70.55)	1
Hospital stay	Days	104(37.14)	-	-	-
	One week	36(30.77)	-	-	-
	Two weeks	0	-	-	-
	Three weeks	0	-	-	-
	Month or more	6(50.00)	-	-	-
Handwashing habit	Less frequent	38(26.04)	0.134	0.030–0.593	0.008
	Frequent	90(61.64)	0.261	0.085–0.799	0.019
	More frequent	18(12.32)	1
Presence of latrine at home	Yes	68(45.57)	1
	No	78(53.43)	3.380	1.410–8.100	0.006

Notes: Prev. – previous, (-): not included in multivariate analysis since P-value >0.25 in bivariate analysis.

Abbreviation: ETB, Ethiopian birr.

Figure 1 Frequency of ESBL-producing bacteria.

Table 3 Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of ESBL-PE Isolates Among Hospitalized Patients in Arba Minch General Hospital, 2019

Bacteria	Antibiotics
	TE	AK	CIP	CN	TOB	SXT	C	FOX	AZT
E. coli (N=62)	93.5	6.5	72.6	30.6	27.4	93.5	66.7	9.7	1.6
K. pneumoniae (N=60)	91.7	3.4	53.4	36.6	35.0	96.7	73.3	16.7	8.4
E. aerogenes (N=6)	67.7	0	66.7	33.3	16.7	100	66.6	16.7	0
Citrobacter spp. (N=12)	91.7	0	50.0	58.3	41.7	83.4	75.0	16.7	0
Total (N=140)	91.1	4.79	68.49	35.62	35.51	93.84	69.18	14.38	5.12

Abbreviations: TE, tetracycline; AK, amikacine; CIP, ciprofloxacin; CN, gentamycin; TOB, tobramycin; SXT, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; C, chloramphenicol; FOX, cefoxitine; AZT, aztreonam.

Table 4 Multidrug Resistance Pattern of ESBL-PE Isolates Among Hospitalized Patients in Arba Minch General Hospital, 2019

Bacteria	Multiple Antibiotics Resistance						Total
	R0	R1	R2	R3	R4	R5 and Above
E. coli	1	7	14	14	17	9	62
K. pneumoniae	2	3	8	20	15	12	60
E. aerogenes	0	2	1	2	0	1	6
Citrobacter Species	0	2	1	5	2	2	12
Total isolates	3	14	24	41	34	24	140

Abbreviations: R0, bacterial isolates sensitive to all antibiotics; R1, resistant against one class of antibiotics; R2, resistant against two classes; R3, resistant against three classes; R4, resistant against four classes; R5 and above, resistant against five or more classes of antibiotics.