Non-O1, Non-O139 Vibrio cholerae (NOVC) Bacteremia: Case Report and Literature Review, 2015–2019

Figures & data

Table 1 Changes of Main Laboratory Results at Admission and After 6 Hours of Admission

		On Admission	After 6 Hours	Normal Range
Blood routine test	WBC	6.35	0.83	(3.50–9.50) ×10^9/L
	RBC	4.31	2.33	(4.30–5.80) ×10^12/L
	HGB	158	82	(130–175) g/L
	PLT	29	5	(125–350) ×10^9/L
Liver and renal function	ALT	243.4	196.6	(13–69) U/L
	AST	688.1	1069.1	(0–45) U/L
	Urea	9.70	7.36	(2.1–7.2) mmol/L
	CREA	247.3	246.6	(44–132) umol/L
Blood coagulation function	PT	26.5	52.0	(8.0–14.0) s
	PT-INR	2.36	4.73
	APTT	60.5	>170	(25.0–31.3) s
	TT	21.5	23.7	(15–21) s
	FIB	1.94	0.86	(2.0–4.0) g/L

Abbreviations: WBC, white blood cell count; RBC, red blood cell count; HGB, hemoglobin; PLT, platelet count; ALT, alanine transaminase; AST, aspartate transaminase; CREA, creatinine; PT, prothrombin time; INR, international normalized ratio; APTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; TT, thrombin time; FIB, fibrinogen.

Figure 1 (A) Gram stain showing Gram-negative curved bacilli (×1000). (B) Blood agar showing β-hemolytic colonies.

Table 2 Reports of Bacteremia Caused by NOVC in Recent Five Years

Year	Country	Age (Years)	Gender	Risk Factors	Mode of Transmission	Clinical Presentation	Treatment	Clinical Outcome	Ref. no.
2015	USA	54	M	Multiple myeloma	A trip to Haiti	Diffuse abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea	Piperacillin-tazobactam, levofloxacin	Death	[^Citation10]
2015	France	70	M	Hepatitis A	Seafood consumption	Fever, watery diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting and dizziness	Ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin	Recover	[^Citation1]
2015	China	11 days	F	None	Contaminated food and paraphernalia (most likely)	Fever, lethargy, and a refusal to feed	Sulbenicillin, metronidazole	Recover	[^Citation11]
2016	India	6.5	F	Burkitt’s lymphoma	Not found	Abdominal pain, vomiting	Cefepime-tazobactam, teicoplanin, ciprofloxacin	Death	[^Citation12]
2016	India	56	F	Diabetes mellitus	Not found	Chills, swelling of the right lower leg	Piperacillin-tazobactam, imipenem	Death
2016	India	72	M	Not mentioned	Not found	Fever, chills, nausea, dizziness	Not mentioned	Recover
2016	Netherlands	50	M	Tuberculosis, COPD	Seafood consumption	Hypothermic, right ankle pain	Ciprofloxacin, cefotaxime	Death	[^Citation13]
2016	Netherlands	60	M	Heart disease, diabetes mellitus	Seafood consumption	Diarrhea, fever, mild jaundice	Ciprofloxacin	Recover
2016	Netherlands	70	M	Heart failure, chronic cholangitis	Not found	Fever, coughing, dyspnea, dizziness, and decreased appetite	Ceftriaxone, gentamicin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid	Recover
2016	Austria	80	M	Ichthyosis cutis, several episodes of cellulitis	Contact with contaminated water through a wound	Swelling and pain in left lower leg, fever, dyspnea	Piperacillin-tazobactam, clindamycin, doxycycline	Death	[^Citation14]
2016	Greece	43	M	Liver cirrhosis, alcohol abuse	Not certain	Poor nutrition, icteric sclera, ascites, diffuse bleeding of the oral mucosa and bullous lesions of extremities.	Cefotaxime, metronidazole	Death	[^Citation15]
2016	Pakistan	3 days	M	Very low birth weight	Goat’s milk	Fever and chills	Not mentioned	Death	[^Citation16]
2017	Canada	66	M	Biliary obstruction, benign pancreatic tumor	Seafood consumption	Epigastric pain, emesis and fever	Ciprofloxacin, doxycycline	Recover	[^Citation17]
2017	Saudi Arabia	62	M	Diabetes mellitus, cholecystectomy for chronic calculous cholecystitis	Not found	Fever, epigastric pain, intermittent vomiting	Piperacillin-tazobactam, ciprofloxacin	Recover	[^Citation7]
2017	Italy	83	M	COPD, cholecystectomy, and hypertension	Contact with contaminated water, and seafood consumption	Fever, cough, mild jaundice, and abdominal pain	Ceftriaxone, azithromycin	Recover	[^Citation3]
2018	Pakistan	2 months	M	Neonatal jaundice, cataract	Not certain	Fever and abdominal pain	Cefotaxime, amikacin	Death	[^Citation18]
2018	Belgium	45	M	Klatskin tumor	Contact with contaminated water	Fever, epigastric pain, nausea, anorexia	Piperacillin-tazobactam, ciprofloxacin	Recover	[^Citation5]
2018	China	47	M	Hepatitis B cirrhosis	Not mentioned	Fever, chills and diarrhea	Ceftazidime	Recover	[^Citation19]
2018	China	47	M	Hepatitis B cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma	Not mentioned	Fever, chills, abdominal distension, edema of both lower limbs	Moxifloxacin	Recover
2018	Lebanon	74	F	Pancreatic adenocarcinoma with liver metastasis, diabetes mellitus	Not certain	Fever, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain	Ciprofloxacin	Recover	[^Citation2]
2019	USA	62	M	Chronic hepatitis C with liver cirrhosis	Not found	Right leg swelling, fatigue and chills	Ceftriaxone, doxycycline	Recover	[^Citation4]
2019	Saudi Arabia	54	M	Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, right lower limb cellulitis, ischemic heart disease, atrial fibrillation and old stroke	Not certain	Fever, confusion, right leg pain, bullae and pus discharge from the sole of the right foot.	Meropenem, vancomycin, tigecycline	Death	[^Citation20]
2019	USA	63	F	Chronic lower extremity lymphedema, hypertension, osteoarthritis, restless leg syndrome	Contact with contaminated water through a chronic wound	Left leg pain and discoloration, haemorrhagic blisters with foul-smelling discharge	Doxycycline	Recover	[^Citation21]

Abbreviations: M, male; F: female.

Daniel D, Kumar S. Rare strain of Vibrio cholerae septicemia in a patient with multiple myeloma. Case Rep Crit Care. 2015;2015:596906.26257967

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Deshayes S, Daurel C, Cattoir V, Parienti JJ, Quilici ML, de La Blanchardiere A. Non-O1, non-O139 Vibrio cholerae bacteraemia: case report and literature review. Springerplus. 2015;4(1):575. doi:10.1186/s40064-015-1346-326543710

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Hao Y, Wang Y, Bi Z, et al. A case of non-O1/non-O139 Vibrio cholerae septicemia and meningitis in a neonate. Int J Infect Dis. 2015;35:117–119. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2015.05.00425975654

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Chowdhury G, Joshi S, Bhattacharya S, et al. Extraintestinal infections caused by non-toxigenic Vibrio cholerae non-O1/non-O139. Front Microbiol. 2016;7:144. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.0014426904017

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Engel MF, Muijsken MA, Mooi-Kokenberg E, Kuijper EJ, van Westerloo DJ. Vibrio cholerae non-O1 bacteraemia: description of three cases in the Netherlands and a literature review. Euro Surveill. 2016;21(15). doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.15.30197

 Google Scholar

Hirk S, Huhulescu S, Allerberger F, et al. Necrotizing fasciitis due to Vibrio cholerae non-O1/non-O139 after exposure to Austrian bathing sites. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2016;128(3–4):141–145. doi:10.1007/s00508-015-0944-y26825075

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Maraki S, Christidou A, Anastasaki M, Scoulica E. Non-O1, non-O139 Vibrio cholerae bacteremic skin and soft tissue infections. Infect Dis. 2016;48(3):171–176. doi:10.3109/23744235.2015.1104720

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Sarwar S, Hannan A, Sultana Q, et al. Non-O1Vibrio cholerae bacteremia in an infant, first case report from Pakistan. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2016;10(2):188–189. doi:10.3855/jidc.655426927462

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Billick MJ, Lam PW, Bogoch II. Sinister seafood: bacteraemia secondary to non-O1/O139 Vibrio cholerae infection. JMM Case Rep. 2017;4(7):e005103. doi:10.1099/jmmcr.0.00510329026630

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Kaki R, El-Hossary D, Jiman-Fatani A, Al-Ghamdi R. Non-O1/non-O139 Vibrio cholerae septicaemia in a Saudi man: a case report. JMM Case Rep. 2017;4(2):e005077. doi:10.1099/jmmcr.0.00507728348803

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Marinello S, Marini G, Parisi G, et al. Vibrio cholerae non-O1, non-O139 bacteraemia associated with pneumonia, Italy 2016. Infection. 2017;45(2):237–240. doi:10.1007/s15010-016-0961-427837335

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Baig MZ, Abdullah UH, Shafquat Y, Humayun KN, Zafar A. Non O1, non O139 Vibrio cholerae bacteraemia in an infant; case report and literature review. J Pak Med Assoc. 2018;68(4):650–652.29808060

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

De Keukeleire S, Hoste P, Crivits M, Hammami N, Piette A. Atypical manifestation of Vibrio cholerae: fear the water! Acta Clin Belg. 2018;73(6):462–464. doi:10.1080/17843286.2018.148356329916306

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Jiang F, Bi R, Deng L, Kang H, Gu B, Ma P. Virulence-associated genes and molecular characteristics of non-O1/non-O139 Vibrio cholerae isolated from hepatitis B cirrhosis patients in China. Int J Infect Dis. 2018;74:117–122. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2018.06.02129969728

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Zmeter C, Tabaja H, Sharara AI, Kanj SS. Non-O1, non-O139 Vibrio cholerae septicemia at a tertiary care center in Beirut, Lebanon; a case report and review. J Infect Public Health. 2018;11(5):601–604. doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2018.01.00129366858

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Shanley J, Kanj A, El Zein S, et al. Non-O1, non-O139 Vibrio cholerae bacteremia in an urban academic medical center in the United States. IDCases. 2019;15:e00527. doi:10.1016/j.idcr.2019.e0052730989053

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Abdelhafiz TA, Alnimr AM, Alabduljabbar AM, et al. Non O1 Vibrio cholerae as a cause of bacteremic lower limb cellulitis: a case report. Int J Surg Case Rep. 2019;64:62–65. doi:10.1016/j.ijscr.2019.09.02031605981

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Azeem A, Nogles T, Cherazard R. Septicemia secondary to Vibrio cholerae (non-O1/non-O139) in wound. BMJ Case Rep. 2019;12(10):e231901. doi:10.1136/bcr-2019-231901

 Google Scholar