The Antimicrobial Activity of Ciprofloxacin-Loaded Niosomes against Ciprofloxacin-Resistant and Biofilm-Forming Staphylococcus aureus

Figures & data

Figure 1 Minimum inhibitory concentration of free ciprofloxacin and ciprofloxacin-loaded niosomal preparations against tested S. aureus strains.

Figure 2 Characterization of the prepared ciprofloxacin-loaded niosomes using dynamic light scattering technique. (A) Size distribution histogram, (B) zeta potential distribution.

Table 1 Minimum Biofilm Inhibitory Concentration and Minimum Biofilm Eradication Concentration of Free Ciprofloxacin Solution and Ciprofloxacin-Loaded Noisomal Preparation II against S. aureus Isolates

Isolates No.	Minimum Biofilm Inhibitory Concentration (µg/mL)		Minimum Biofilm Eradication Concentration (µg/mL)
	Free Ciprofloxacin	Niosomal Ciprofloxacin	Free Ciprofloxacin	Niosomal Ciprofloxacin
5	8	8	32	32
8	128	32	64	32
11	64	32	256	128
21	32	16	32	8
22	128	32	512	256
26	4	4	256	256
30	16	16	32	16
31	16	16	32	32
33	16	8	256	128
34	32	8	256	128
35	128	128	256	256
36	32	16	512	256
37	64	32	>512	>512
39	32	16	128	32
41	32	16	256	16
42	128	128	32	16
43	32	16	128	128
50	64	64	128	128
51	32	16	128	128
55	16	16	512	256
56	32	16	256	64
57	32	32	128	128
58	128	32	256	64
60	16	16	128	16
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923	32	16	512	128

Figure 3 Visualization of S. aureus biofilms formed in the presence of subinhibitory concentration of free ciprofloxacin and ciprofloxacin-loaded niosomes, using an electron microscope. (A) Untreated culture (positive control), (B) culture in the presence of 1/8 MIC of ciprofloxacin, (C) culture in the presence of 1/8 MIC of ciprofloxacin-loaded niosomes.