The Existence of High Bacterial Resistance to Some Reserved Antibiotics in Tertiary Hospitals in Tanzania: A Call to Revisit Their Use

Figures & data

Table 1 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Patients from Which the Samples Were Collected

Variable	Frequency	Percentage (%)
Patient category^a
Children	77	38.3
Adult	106	52.7
Sex^a
Male	94	46.8
Female	89	44.3
Place of residence^b
Urban	76	37.8
Rural	18	9.0

Notes: ^aFew laboratory request form did not have information on age or sex (both n=18). ^bSome place of residence was not documented for some patients (n=107).

Table 2 Bacterial Isolates Distribution by Specimens

Identified Bacteria	Blood: n=71 n (%)	Pus: n=34 n (%)	Sputum, n=13 n (%)	Urine: n=80 n (%)	Total^f n=201 n (%)
Acinetobacter baumannii	2 (2.8)	1 (2.9)	0 (0.0)	1 (1.3)	4 (2.0)
Citrobacter spp^a	1 (1.4)	4 (11.8)	1 (7.7)	10 (12.5)	16 (8.0)
Escherichia coli	0 (0.0)	9 (26.5)	1 (7.7)	26 (32.5)	36 (17.9)
Enterobacter cloacae	3 (4.2)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	2 (2.5)	5 (2.5)
Enterococcus spp^b	4 (5.6)	1 (2.9)	0 (0.0)	9 (11.3)	14 (7.0)
Klebsiella spp^c	16 (22.5)	6 (17.6)	3 (23.1)	22 (27.5)	47 (23.4)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	5 (7.0)	3 (8.8)	5 (38.5)	3 (3.8)	16 (8.0)
Proteus spp^d	0 (0.0)	3 (8.8)	0 (0.0)	1 (1.3)	4 (2.0)
Staphylococcus aureus	40 (56.3)	7 (20.6)	3 (23.1)	6 (7.5)	57 (28.4)
Other spp^e	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	2 (1.0)

Notes: ^aCitrobacter spp; Citrobacter freundi (n=5), Citrobacter koseri (n=4), unidentified Citrobacter Spp (n=7). ^bEnterococcus spp; Enterococcus faecalis (n=1), unidentified Enterococcus spp (n=13). ^cKlebsiella spp; Klebsiella oxytoca (n=8), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=26), unidentified Klebsiella Spp (n=13). ^dProteus spp; Proteus Mirabilis (n=2), Proteus vulgaris (n=2). ^eStreptococcus pyogen (n=1) and Shigella spp (n=1) were isolated from throat swab and stool respectively. ^fSamples not included in the table (n=3); stool, throat swab and urethral swab (each n=1).

Table 3 Susceptibility Pattern of Tested Bacteria to Cefepime, Meropenem and Clindamycin

Tested Bacteria	Cefepime n (%)			Meropenem, n (%)			Clindamycin n (%)
	S	I	R	S	I	R	S	I	R
Acinetobacter baumannii	1 (25.0)	0 (0.0)	3 (75.0)	4 (100.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	NA	NA	NA
Citrobacter spp	2 (12.5)	2 (12.5)	12 (75.0)	15 (93.8)	0 (0.0)	1 (6.3)	NA	NA	NA
Escherichia coli	7 (21.9)	7 (21.9)	18 (56.3)	35 (97.2)	0 (0.0)	1 (2.8)	NA	NA	NA
Enterobacter cloacae	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	5 (100.0)	4 (80.0)	1 (20.0)	0 (0.0)	NA	NA	NA
Enterococcus spp	1 (20.0)	0 (0.0)	4 (80.0)	5 (100.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	1 (11.1)	0	8 (88.9)
Klebsiella spp	5 (11.1)	6 (13.3)	34 (75.6)	40 (85.1)	3 (6.4)	4 (8.5)	NA	NA	NA
P.aeruginosa	1 (6.3)	0 (0.0)	15 (93.8)	7 (43.8)	4 (25.0)	5 (31.3)	NA	NA	NA
Proteus spp	2 (50.0)	0 (0.0)	2 (50.0)	4 (100.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	17 (29.8)	1 (1.8)	39 (68.4)
S.aureus	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	4 (100.0)	2 (50.0)	0	2 (50.0)	NA	NA	NA
Shigella spp	1 (100.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	1 (100.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	NA	NA	NA
Streptococcus pyogen	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	0 (0.0)	1 (100.0)	0 (0.0)

Abbreviations: S, susceptible; I, intermediate; R, resistant; spp, species, NA, isolated bacteria were not tested on the respective antibiotic.