Increased Virological Failure and Determinants Among HIV Patients on Highly Active Retroviral Therapy in Adigrat General Hospital, Northern Ethiopia, 2019: Hospital-Based Cross-Sectional Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic, Baseline, Clinical Characteristics, Bivariate and Multivariate Analysis of Determinant Factors with a Virological Response of HAART Among HIV Patients in Adigrat General Hospital, Eastern Tigrai, Ethiopia, 2019: A Cross-Sectional Study (n = 393)

Variables		Virological Response		P value	COR	CI	P value	AOR	CI
		Success, N (%)	Failure, N (%)
Sex	Male Female	111 [84.7] 233 [88.9]	20 [15.3] 29 [11.1]	0.237	1 1.5	[0.784–2.672]
Age category	<15 years 15–30 years 31–45 years 46–60 years >60 years	16 [72.7] 40 [83.3] 184 [89.8] 92 [86.8] 12 [100]	06 [7.3] 08 [16.7] 21 [10.2] 14 [13.2]	0.000 0.001 0.011 0.179	5.8 5.6 2.3 1.6 1	[3.019–13.345] [2.641–11.873] [1.209–4.467] [0.810–3.076]	0.750 0.767 0.724 0.329	0.6 0.7 0.8 1.5 1	[0.030–12.644] [0.101–5.409] [0.278–2.436] [0.674–3.246]
Marital status	Single Married Widowed Divorced	85 [85.9] 169 [89.4] 41 [85.4] 49 [86.0]	14 [14.1] 20 [10.6] 7 [14.6] 8 [14.0]	0.502 0.873 0.461 0.694	1.4 1 1.5 1.4	[0.972–2.341] [0.493–3.562] [0.703–2.992]
Educational status	Illiterate Read and write Primary school Secondary/above	136 [84.0] 48 [85.7] 96 [90.6] 64 [92.8]	26[16] 8 [14.3] 10 [9.4] 5 [7.2]	0.324 0.543 0.608 0.671	2.4 2.1 1.3 1	[1.001–5.231] [0.928–4.908] [0.104–2.093]
Residence	Urban Rural	215 [86.3] 129 [89.6]	34 [13.7] 15 [10.4]	0.351	1.4 1	[0.713–2.594]
BMI	Normal Overweight Undernourished	199 [88.8] 35 [94.6] 110 [83.3]	25 [11.2] 02 [5.4] 22 [16.7]	0.009 0.001	1 0.6 2	[0.281–0.667] [1.097–5.453]	0.001 0.001	1 1.19 2.1	[0.290–1.717] [1.332–8.271]
Cotrimoxazole intake	No Yes	68 [85] 276 [88.2]	12[15] 37 [11.8]	0.444	0.8 1	[0.376–1.535]
Eligibility criteria	Clinical staging Test and treat Transferred in	273 [86.9] 19 [79.2] 52 [94.5]	41 [13.1] 05 [20.8] 03 [5.5]	0.034 0.101	1 3 1.7	[0.879–6.301] [0 0.906–3.018]	0.066 0.062	1 0.3 0.2	[0.077–1.084] [0.038–1.085]
Functional status	Working Ambulatory Bedridden	319 [87.6] 22 [84.6] 03 [100]	45 [12.4] 4 [15.4]	0.187 0.273	1 2.7 1.6	[0.614–12.115] [0.671–3.109]	0.492 0.999	1 1.6 3.6	[0.403–6.621] [0.989–5.768]
Base line CD4 < 250	Yes No	214 [88.4] 130 [86.1]	28 [11.6] 21 [13.9]	0.496	0.8 1	[0.442–1.485]
WHO stage	Stage I Stage II Stage III Stage IV	307[(87.7] 19 [90.5] 14 [82.4] 04[80]	43 [12.3] 02 [9.5] 03 [17.6] 01[20]	0.072 0.470 0.238	1 2.8 1.5 2.1	[0.910–8.771] [0.496–4.565] [0.891–5.723]	0.772 0.949 0.426	1 0.9 1.1 3.1	[0.316–2.350] [0.193–5.778] [0.193–49.317]
Modern contraceptive	No Yes	200 [88.1] 144 [86.7]	27 [11.9] 22 [13.3]	0.687	1 1.2	[0.620–2.067]
Adherence to treatment	Good Average Weak	256 [89.8] 25 [83.3] 63 [80.8]	29 [10.4] 05 [16.7] 15 [19.2]	0.010 0.005	1 2.1 3.9	[1.193–3.777] [2.674–10.439]	0.823 0.137	1 1.2 1.8	[0.325–4.116] [0.832–3.818]
Opportunistic infections	Yes No	165 [85.1] 179 [90]	29 [14.9] 20[10]	0.144	1.6 1	[0.857–2.888]	0.103	1.8 1	[0.892–3.444]
Status TB	Positive Negative	91[74] 253 [93.7]	32[26] 17 [6.3]	0.000	5.2 1	[2.773–9.877]	< 0.001	6.1 1	[3.000–12.223]
Immune-reconstitution status	Success Failure	286 [96.6] 58 [59.8]	10 [3.4] 39 [40.2]	0.000	1 18.2	[0.025–19.110]	0.049	1 19.4	[0.019–20.129]

Abbreviations: AOR, adjusted odds ratio; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; COR, crude odds ratio; TB, tuberculosis; WHO, World Health Organization.

Figure 1 Prevalence of virological failure among HIV patients co-infected with tuberculosis and HIV mono-infected individuals on HAART in Adigrat General Hospital, Eastern Tigrai, Ethiopia, 2019: a cross-sectional study (n = 393).

Abbreviations: HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; HAART, highly active antiretroviral therapy.