Difference in Biomarkers Between COVID-19 Patients and Other Pulmonary Infection Patients

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of 88 Patients with COVID-19 and Other Pulmonary Infections on Hospital Admission in Kunming, Yunnan Province, China

	All Patients (n=88)	Type of Pulmonary Infection		P value
		COVID-19 (n=39)	Others (n=49)
Age group (years)				0.256
<18	12 (13.6)	6 (15.4)	6 (12.2)
18–39	30 (34.1)	10 (25.6)	20 (40.8)
40–59	33 (37.5)	15 (38.5)	18 (36.7)
≥60	13 (14.8)	8 (20.5)	5 (10.2)
Sex				0.232
Female	40 (45.5)	21 (53.8)	19 (38.8)
Male	48 (54.5)	18 (46.2)	30 (61.2)
Highest temperature (°C)				0.632
<37.5	54 (61.4)	26 (66.7)	28 (57.1)
37.5–38	12 (13.6)	5 (12.8)	7 (14.3)
>38	22 (25.0)	8 (20.5)	14 (28.6)
Cough				0.203
No	33 (37.5)	18 (46.2)	15 (30.6)
Yes	55 (62.5)	21 (53.8)	34 (69.4)
Chills				0.104
No	73 (83.0)	29 (74.4)	44 (89.8)
Yes	15 (17.0)	10 (25.6)	5 (10.2)
Muscle soreness				0.058
No	72 (81.8)	28 (71.8)	44 (89.8)
Yes	16 (18.2)	11 (28.2)	5 (10.2)
Fatigue				0.433
No	72 (81.8)	30 (76.9)	42 (85.7)
Yes	16 (18.2)	9 (23.1)	7 (14.3)
Chest congestion				0.446
No	75 (85.2)	35 (89.7)	40 (81.6)
Yes	13 (14.8)	4 (10.3)	9 (18.4)
Diarrhea				0.289
No	78 (88.6)	33 (84.6)	45 (91.8)
Yes	10 (11.4)	6 (15.4)	4 (8.2)
Hypertension				0.600
No	71 (80.7)	30 (76.9)	41 (83.7)
Yes	17 (19.3)	9 (23.1)	8 (16.3)
Diabetes				0.999
No	79 (89.8)	35 (89.7)	44 (89.8)
Yes	9 (10.2)	4 (10.3)	5 (10.2)
Hepatic disease				0.377
No	83 (94.3)	38 (97.4)	45 (91.8)
Yes	5 (5.7)	1 (2.6)	4 (8.2)
Renal disease				0.501
No	86 (97.7)	39 (100)	47 (95.9)
Yes	2 (2.3)	0 (0)	2 (4.1)

Table 2 Biomarkers in Patients with COVID-19 and Other Pulmonary Infections on Hospital Admission in Yunnan Province, China

Biomarker	All Patients (n=88)	Pulmonary Infection		P value
		COVID-19 (n=39)	Others (n=49)
White blood cell count (10⁹ cells per L)	5.64 (4.55, 7.34)	5.09 (3.88, 6.29)	5.99 (5.13, 7.75)	0.006
Neutrophil count (10⁹ cells per L)	3.61 (2.60, 4.81)	3.47 (2.56, 4.38)	3.95 (2.62, 5.08)	0.220
Proportion of neutrophils (%), mean (SD)	59.1 (13.8)	60.8 (14.6)	57.8 (13.1)	0.306^†
Eosinophils count (10⁹ cells per L)	0.06 (0.03, 0.13)	0.06 (0.03, 0.08)	0.08 (0.03, 0.17)	0.325
Proportion of eosinophils (%)	1.20 (0.50, 2.30)	1.04 (0.50, 2.05)	1.50 (0.50, 2.40)	0.534
Basophils count (10⁹ cells per L)	0.02 (0.01, 0.04)	0.01 (0.00, 0.01)	0.03 (0.02, 0.05)	< 0.001
Proportion of basophils (%)	0.30 (0.13, 0.70)	0.10 (0.00, 0.20)	0.60 (0.40, 0.70)	< 0.001
Lymphocyte count (10⁹ cells per L), mean (SD)	1.75 (0.73)	1.50 (0.56)	1.95 (0.79)	0.003^†
Proportion of lymphocyte, mean (SD)	30.1 (11.3)	29.1 (10.9)	30.9 (11.6)	0.469^†
Monocytes count (10⁹ cells per L)	0.46 (0.36, 0.61)	0.43 (0.34, 0.55)	0.46 (0.38, 0.68)	0.217
Proportion of monocytes, mean (SD)	8.08 (2.71)	7.83 (2.80)	8.27 (2.65)	0.451^†
Red blood cell count (10⁹ cells per L), mean (SD)	4.69 (0.62)	4.67 (0.61)	4.70 (0.63)	0.809^†
Haemoglobin (g/L), mean (SD)	143.1 (18.63)	141.15 (17.6)	144.6 (19.5)	0.399^†
Platelet count (10⁹ cells per L)	246.5 (188.5, 297.3)	251.0 (202.5, 313.5)	231.0 (182.0, 290.0)	0.218
Prothrombin time (s)	12.3 (9.1, 13.2)	8.94 (8.39, 9.68)	13.1 (12.7, 13.8)	< 0.001
Prothrombin time activity (%), mean (SD)	93.6 (23.3)	112.5 (17.4)	76.9 (12.5)	< 0.001^†
International normalized ratio	0.97 (0.77, 1.07)	0.77 (0.72, 0.82)	1.07 (1.01, 1.13)	< 0.001
Fibrinogen (g/dL)	3.24 (2.61, 4.22)	3.34 (2.59, 4.2)	3.15 (2.72, 4.17)	0.769
Total bilirubin (µmol/L)	11.1 (8.07, 15.6)	10.2 (7.70, 14.25)	12.1 (8.50, 18.95)	0.176
Direct bilirubin (µmol/L)	3.0 (2.2, 4.0)	3.30 (2.30, 4.05)	2.9 (2.15, 3.90)	0.485
Indirect bilirubin(µmol/L)	8.90 (6.25, 13.80)	8.10 (6.20, 10.85)	10.0 (6.50, 15.2)	0.127
Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L)	22.0 (17.5, 29)	20.0 (15.0, 25.5)	24.5 (19.8, 34.3)	0.002
Alanine aminotransferase (U/L)	23.6 (14.7, 33.0)	23.2 (15.4, 32.3)	24.0 (13.5, 33.5)	0.849
Albumin (g/L), mean (SD)	40.0 (6.17)	40.4 (6.56)	39.7 (5.87)	0.628^†
Globin (g/L)	28.7 (25.9, 32.4)	29.3 (26.85, 33.35)	28.2 (25.7, 31.0)	0.074
Total protein (g/L)	68.7 (65.6, 72.8)	70.3 (66.9, 73.35)	67.9 (64.3, 71.3)	0.034
Urea (mmol/L)	3.68 (2.84, 4.90)	3.10 (2.60, 4.55)	3.84 (3.20, 4.90)	0.075
Creatinine (µmol/L)	59.8 (48.3, 75.0)	58.0 (46.2, 70.2)	61.5 (49.0, 75.0)	0.209
Uric acid (µmol/L)	296.1 (243.5, 366.7)	281 (207, 362)	310 (265, 380)	0.038
Creatine kinase (U/L)	77.1 (57.7, 106.5)	63.8 (51.7, 90.25)	87.0 (71.0, 126.5)	0.005
Lactic dehydrogenase (U/L)	186.0 (156.0, 234.0)	175.0 (147.0, 215.5)	198.0 (163.0, 238.0)	0.123
Myoglobin (μg/L)	21.0 (18.2, 26.2)	18.02 (15.35, 23.34)	21.0 (21.0, 31.3)	< 0.001
Procalcitonin (ng/mL)	0.05 (0.04, 0.05)	0.05 (0.05, 0.05)	0.04 (0.02, 0.1)	0.425
C-reactive protein (mg/L)	2.75 (0.98, 12.12)	2.67 (0.96, 6.75)	3.0 (1.2, 18.5)	0.351

Notes: Values are medians (interquartile ranges) unless stated otherwise; ^†t-test.

Figure 1 Map of the samples into the first two dimensions of the PLS-DA model. The points represent dimension scores of the projection of high-dimensional feature vectors onto the first (x axis) and second (y axis) dimensions.

Figure 2 Correlation circle plot for the first two dimensions of the PLS-DA model.