Prevalence of Common Nosocomial Infections and Evaluation of Antibiotic Resistance Patterns in Patients with Secondary Infections in Hamadan, Iran

Figures & data

Table 1 The Most Prevalent Bacterial Isolates According to Their Sampling Sites

UTI (1394 Isolates)			Tracheal (588 Isolates)
Isolates	No.	Percentage (%)	Isolates	No.	Percentage (%)
E. coli	832	59.6	K. pneumoniae	164	27.8
K. pneumoniae	139	9.9	A. baumannii	118	20.06
P. aeruginosa	71	5.09	P. aeruginosa	97	16.4
S. aureus	70	5.02	E. coli	57	9.6
S.epidermidis	52	3.7	S. aureus	52	8.8
Micrococcus	35	2.5	S. epidermidis	27	4.5
Enterobacter	31	2.2	Enterobacter	10	1.7
A. baumannii	30	2.15	K. oxytoca	9	1.5
K. oxytoca	18	1.2	S. marcecense	9	1.5
Alkaligenes	18	1.2	CSF (16 isolates)
P. mirabilis	15	1.07	S. viridans	11	68.7
S. saprophyticus	13	0.09	K. pneumoniae	3	18.7
S. pyogenes	9	0.06	P. aeruginosa	1	6.25
Enterococcus	9	0.06	S. aureus	1	6.25

Table 2 Antibiotic Resistance Profile of Organisms Isolated from UTI Infections

Antibiotics Disk (No./Percent%) Bacterial Isolates	FEP	GM	AN	SAM	SXT	FM	CN	CRO	LEV	CZ	IMI	MEN	PTZ	OFX	V
Klebsiella pneumoniae	21	24	43	30	1	60	81	2	54	4	42	2	30	16	26
	(15.1%)	(17.2%)	(30.9%)	(21.5%)	(0.7%)	(43.1%)	(58.2%)	(1.49%)	(38.8%)	(2.8%)	(30.2%)	(1.4%)	(21.5%)	(11.5%)	(18.7%)
Staphylococcus aureus	3	2	0	1	19	5	0	6	2	14	0	0	2	2	9
	(4.2%)	(2.8%)	0	(1.4%)	(27.1%)	(7.1%)	0	(8.5%)	(2.8%)	(20%)	0	0	(2.8%)	(2.8%)	(12.8%)
Staphylococcus epidermidis	3	4	2	1	16	3	0	8	3	2	1	0	4	2	4
	(5.7%)	(7.6%)	(3.8%)	(1.9%)	(30.7%)	(5.7%)	0	(15.3%)	(5.7%)	(3.8%)	(1.9%)	0	(7.6%)	(3.8%)	(7.6%)
Enterobacter spp.	3	8	4	1	1	6	1	10	0	5	0	3	0	1	0
	(9.6%)	(25.8%)	(12.9%)	(3.2%)	(3.2%)	(19.3%)	(3.2%)	(32.2%)	0	(16.1%)	0	(9.6%)	0	(3.2%)	0
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	19	18	24	12	34	34	2	24	4	12	5	15	12	14	0
	(27.1%)	(25.7%)	(34.2%)	(17.1%)	(48.5%)	(48.5%)	(2.8%)	(34.2%)	(5.7%)	(17.1%)	(7.1%)	(21.4%)	(17.1%)	(20%)	0
Escherichia coli	83	127	54	8	444	98	11	302	14	209	4	20	37	145	0
	(9.9%)	(15.2%)	(6.4%)	(0.9%)	(53.3%)	(11.7%)	(1.3%)	(36.2%)	(1.6%)	(25.1%)	(0.4%)	(2.4%)	(4.4%)	(17.4%)	0
Acinetobacter baumannii	10	16	20	2	21	20	3	16	2	16	1	16	3	8	1
	(33.3%)	(53.3%)	(66.6%)	(6.6%)	(70%)	(66.6%)	(10%)	(53.3%)	(6.6%)	(53.3%)	(3.3%)	(53.3%)	(10%)	(26.6%)	(3.3%)
Staphylococcus saprophyticus	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	4	1	3	0	3	2	1	0
	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	(30.7%)	(7.6%)	(23%)	0	(23%)	(15.3%)	(7.6%)	0

Abbreviations: FEP, cefepime; GM, gentamicin; AN, amikacin; SAM, sulbactam; SXT, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; FM, nitrofurantoin; CN, cefotetan; CRO, ceftriaxone; LEV, levofloxacin; CZ, cefazolin; IMI, imipenem; MEN, meropenem; PTZ, piperacillin/tazobactam; OFX, ofloxacin; V, vancomycin.

Table 3 Antibiotic Resistance Profile of Organisms Isolated from Tracheal Infections

Antibiotics Disk (No./Percent%) Bacterial Isolates	CP	CAZ	FEP	GM	AN	SAM	SXT	CN	CRO	LEV	AK	CZ	IMI	MEN	PTZ	V
Klebsiella pneumoniae	95	120	114	58	73	30	8	23	56	42	9	1	72	114	96	10
	(57.9%)	(73.1%)	(69.5%)	(35.3%)	(44.5%)	(18.2%)	(4.8%)	(14.0%)	(34.1%)	(25.60%)	(5.48%)	(0.6%)	(43.9%)	(69.5%)	(58.5%)	(6.09%)
Staphylococcus aureus	20	7	4	0	0	0	9	0	6	2	0	10	2	8	7	1
	(38.4%)	(13.4%)	(7.6%)	0	0	0	(17.3%)	0	(11.5%)	(3.8%)	0	(19.2%)	(3.8%)	(15.3%)	(13.4%)	(1.9%)
Staphylococcus epidermidis	8	8	6	4	0	1	5	2	2	3	0	1	4	0	0	3
	(29.6%)	(29.6%)	(22.2%)	(14.8%)	0	(3.7%)	(18.5%)	(7.4%)	(7.4%)	(11.1%)	0	(3.7%)	(14.8%)	0	0	(11.1%)
Enterobacter spp.	3	5	3	2	2	1	1	0	1	1	1	1	5	5	5	0
	(27.2%)	(45.4%)	(27.2%)	(18.1%)	(18.1%)	(9.0%)	(9.0%)	0	(9.0%)	(9.09%)	(9.0%)	(9.0%)	(45.4%)	(45.4%)	(45.4%)	0
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	10	40	50	19	43	15	8	13	26	8	4	1	43	46	41	0
	(10.3%)	(41.2%)	(51.5%)	(19.5%)	(44.3%)	(15.4%)	(8.2%)	(13.4%)	(26.8%)	(8.2%)	(4.1%)	(1.0%)	(44.3%)	(47.4%)	(42.2%)	0
Escherichia coli	30	20	20	17	4	3	6	0	17	9	0	0	14	10	27	0
	(52.6%)	(35.0%)	(35.0%)	(29.8%)	(7.01%)	(5.2%)	(10.5%)	0	(29.8%)	(15.7%)	0	0	(24.5%)	(17.5%)	(47.3%)	0
Acinetobacter baumannii	81	101	93	45	91	14	6	9	53	38	11	0	72	96	94	1
	(68%)	(85.5%)	(78.8%)	(38.1%)	(77.1%)	(11.8%)	(5.0%)	(7.6%)	(44.9%)	(32.2%)	(9.3%)	0	(61.0%)	(81.3%)	(79.6%)	(0.84%)
Staphylococcus saprophyticus	3	0	0	0	0	0	2	0	2	2	1	0	1	2	0	0
	(37.5%)	0	0	0	0	0	(25%)	0	(25%)	(25%)	(12.5%)	0	(12.5%)	(25%)	0	0

Abbreviations: CP, ciprofloxacin; CAZ, ceftazidime; FEP, cefepime; GM, gentamicin; AN, amikacin; SAM, sulbactam; SXT, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; FM, nitrofurantoin; CN, cefotetan; CRO, ceftriaxone; LEV, levofloxacin; CZ, cefazolin; IMI, imipenem; MEN, meropenem; PTZ, piperacillin/tazobactam; OFX, ofloxacin; V, vancomycin.

Table 4 Antibiotic Resistance Profile of Organisms Isolated from CSF Infections

Antibiotics Disk (No./Percent%) Bacterial Isolates	FEP	MEN	IMI	CRO	AN	PTZ	SXT	SAM	LEV	GM	CAZ	CP
Klebsiella pneumoniae	0	2	0	0	0	0	2	0	0	3	3	3
	0	(66.6%)	0	0	0	0	(66.6%)	0	0	(100%)	(100%)	(100%)
Staphylococcus aureus	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	0	0	1	0	4
	0	0	0	0	0	0	50	0	0	(25%)	0	(100%)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	0	2	0	2	0	0	3	0	0	1	2	1
	0	(9.5%)	0	(9.5%)	0	0	(14.2%)	0	0	(4.7%)	(9.5%)	(4.7%)
Escherichia coli	0	0	1	1	0	0	2	1	0	1	2	3
	0	0	(33.3%)	(33.3%)	0	0	(66.6%)	(33.3%)	0	(33.3%)	(66.6%)	(100%)
Staphylococcus epidermidis	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0
	0	0	0	0	0	0	(100%)	0	0	0	0	0

Abbreviations: CP, ciprofloxacin; CAZ, ceftazidime; FEP, cefepime; GM, gentamicin; AN, amikacin; SAM, sulbactam; SXT, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; CRO, ceftriaxone; LEV, levofloxacin; IMI, imipenem; MEN, meropenem; PTZ, piperacillin/tazobactam.