Characteristics, Outcomes and Indicators of Severity for COVID-19 Among Sample of ESNA Quarantine Hospital’s Patients, Egypt: A Retrospective Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic and Clinical Data of the Included COVID-19 Patients

Variables		COVID-19 Severity				P value
		Mild to Moderate (n= 36)		Severe/Critical (n= 30)
Age (Mean ±SD, years)		55.5 ± 10.1		62.6±10.1		0.006
BMI (Mean ±SD, kg/m^2)		27.4 ± 2.2		26.4± 2.9		0.307
Sex (No, %)	Males	28	77.8%	20	66.7%	0.313
	Females	8	22.2%	10	33.3%
Co-morbidity (No, %)	None	28	77.8%	15	50.0%	0.057
	DM	3	8.3%	8	26.7%
	HTN	4	11.1%	7	23.3%
	IHD	1	2.8%	0	0%
Smoking (No, %)	Yes	13	36.1%	9	30%	0.6
	No	23	63.9%	21	70%
Clinical manifestations (No, %)	Asymptomatic	6	16.7%	2	6.7%	0.215
	Fever	30	83.3%	28	93.3%	0.215
	Dry cough	17	47.2%	16	53.3%	0.621
	Dyspnea	16	44.4%	24	80%	0.003
	Sore throat	9	25%	14	46.7%	0.066
	Malaise	9	25%	12	40%	0.193
	Diarrhea	1	2.8%	0	0%	0.358
	Headache	8	22.2%	10	33.3%	0.313

Notes: p-value < 0.05 is considered significant. p-value > 0.05 is considered non-significant.

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; COVID-19, coronavirus disease-2019; BMI, body mass index; DM, diabetes mellitus; HTN, hypertensive; IHD, ischemic heart disease.

Table 2 Chest CT Findings of the Included COVID-19 Patients

Chest CT Findings	COVID-19 Severity				p-value
	Mild to Moderate (n= 36)		Severe/Critical (n= 30)
Normal	12	33.3%	0	0%	< 0.001
Pure GGO	24	66.6%	0	0%
Crazy-paving appearance ±GGO	0	0%	30	100%

Note: p-value < 0.001 is considered highly significant.

Abbreviations: GGO, ground glass opacity; COVID-19, coronavirus disease-2019; CT, computed tomography.

Table 3 Mean±SD of Some Measured Hematological and Biochemical Markers of the Included COVID-19 Patients at Admission

Variables (Mean±SD)	COVID-19 Severity		p-value
	Mild to Moderate (n= 36)	Severe/Critical (n= 30)
Hb (g/dL)	12.7 ± 1.2	12.6 ± 0.9	0.764
WBC (x10^3 mm^−3)	5.6 ± 1.7	3.9 ± 1.5	<0.001
Lymphocytic count (x10^3 mm^−3)	1.12 ± 0.4	0.85 ± 0.3	0.001
CRP (mg/dL)	51.1 ± 9.5	119.8 ± 39	< 0.001
ESR	50.8 ± 21.3	78.7 ± 20.4	< 0.001
Ferritin (ng/mL)	268.6 ± 57.5	440.3 ± 87.3	< 0.001
Serum creatinine (mg/dL)	1.02 ± 0.2	1.09 ± 0.2	0.261
Total protein (g/dL)	6.9 ± 0.3	6.06 ± 0.4	< 0.001
Albumin (g/dL)	2.9 ± 0.1	2.5 ± 0.2	< 0.001
ALT (IU/L)	33.3 ± 8.03	41.5 ± 6.7	< 0.001
AST (IU/L)	32.8 ± 7.2	44.5 ± 4.5	< 0.001

Notes: p-value < 0.05 is considered significant. p-value > 0.05 is considered non-significant.

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; COVID-19, coronavirus disease-2019; Hb, hemoglobin; WBC, white blood cell count; CRP, C-reactive protein; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase.

Table 4 Comparison of the Frequency Percent of Some Hematological and Biochemical Abnormalities of the Included COVID-19 Patients Measured at Admission, in Terms of COVID-19 Severity

Variables (No.,%)		COVID-19 Severity				p-value
		Mild to Moderate (n= 36)		Severe/Critical (n= 30)
Hb	> 11 g/dL	36	100%	30	100%	—–
	˂11 g/dL	0	0%	0	0%
WBC	> 4 x10^3 mm^−3	29	80.6%	19	63.3%	0.118
	˂4 x10^3 mm^−3	7	19.4%	11	36.7%
Lymphocyte count	> 1 x10^3 mm^−3	18	50%	5	16.7%	0.005
	˂1 x10^3 mm^−3	18	50%	25	83.3%
CRP	< 100 mg/dL	36	100%	6	20%	< 0.001
	≥ 100 mg/dL	0	0%	24	80%
ESR	<30 mm/h	10	27.8%	3	10%	0.071
	˃30 mm/h	26	72.2%	27	90%
Serum ferritin	< 350 ng/mL	30	83.3%	4	13.3%	< 0.001
	˃350 ng/mL	6	16.7%	26	86.7%
Serum creatinine	< 1.2 mg/dL	36	100%	30	100%	—–
	˃ 1.2 mg/dL	0	0%	0	0%
Total protein	> 6 g/dL	36	100%	30	100%	—–
	˂6 g/dL	0	0%	0	0%
Albumin	> 3.4 g/dL	1	2.8%	1	3.3%	0.896
	˂3.4 g/dL	35	97.2%	29	96.7%
ALT	< 40 IU/L	32	88.9%	11	36.7%	< 0.001
	˃40 IU/L	4	11.1%	19	63.3%
AST (IU/L)	< 40 IU/L	34	94.4%	6	20%	< 0.001
	˃40 IU/L	2	5.6%	24	80%

Notes: p-value < 0.05 is considered significant. p-value > 0.05 is considered non-significant.

Abbreviations: COVID-19, coronavirus disease-2019; Hb, hemoglobin; WBC, white blood cell count; CRP, C-reactive protein; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase.

Table 5 Outcome and Recovery Duration of the Studied COVID-19 Patients

Variables	COVID-19 Severity				p-value
	Mild to Moderate (n= 36)		Severe (n= 30)
Improved	36	100%	28	93.3%	0.116
Died	0	0%	2	6.7%
SARS-CoV-2 RNA turned negative within ≤ 8 days	23	63.9%	2	6.7%	< 0.001
SARS-CoV-2 RNA turned negative within > 8–14 days	12	33.3%	22	73.3%
SARS-CoV-2 RNA still positive after 14 days	1	2.8%	6	20%

Notes: p-value < 0.05 is considered significant. p-value > 0.05 is considered non-significant.

Table 6 Binary Logistic Regression Analysis for Factors Predictive of COVID-19 Severity

Variables	B	SE	p-value	95% CI
Age	0.071	0.028	0.11	1.01	1.13
Sex	0.56	0.55	0.315	0.58	5.2
BMI	− 0.14	0.099	0.138	0.71	1.04
Smoking	− 0.27	0.52	0.6	0.26	2.1
Co-morbidities
Diabetes mellitus	1.6	0.74	0.032	1.14	21.5
Hypertension	1.18	0.7	0.093	0.82	12.9
Ischemic heart disease	− 20.5	40,192	1.0	0.0	—
Fever	1.03	0.85	0.230	0.52	15.04
Cough	0.24	0.49	0.621	0.48	3.37
Dyspnea	1.6	0.56	0.004	1.64	15.2
Sore throat	0.96	0.53	0.069	0.92	7.4
Malaise	0.69	0.53	0.196	0.7	5.7
Diarrhea	− 21.04	40,192	1.0	0.0	—
Headache	0.56	0.55	0.315	0.58	5.2
Hemoglobin (g/dL)	− 0.102	0.231	0.66	0.57	1.4
WBC (x10^3 mm^−3)	− 0.130	0.136	0.338	0.67	1.14
Lymphocytic count (x10^3 mm^−3)	− 0.002	0.001	0.014	0.99	1.0
CRP (mg/dL)	0.085	0.022	< 0.001	1.04	1.13
ESR (mm/h)	0.056	0.014	< 0.001	1.03	1.08
Ferritin (ng/mL)	0.023	0.005	< 0.001	1.01	1.03
Serum creatinine (mg/dL)	2.09	1.47	0.156	0.44	148.03
Albumin (g/dL)	− 9.9	1.89	< 0.001	0.0	0.002
ALT (IU/L)	0.159	0.045	< 0.001	1.07	1.28
AST (IU/L)	0.75	0.2	< 0.001	1.42	31.9
CT Chest findings	4.9	0.94	< 0.001	0.001	0.04

Abbreviations: COVID-19, coronavirus disease-2019; B, regression coefficient; SE, standard error; CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index; WBC, white blood cell count; CRP, C-reactive protein; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; CT, computed tomography.