Bacterial Isolates from CSF Samples and Their Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns Among Children Under Five Suspected to Have Meningitis in Dilla University Referral Hospital

Figures & data

Table 1 Socio Demographic Characteristics and Culture Positivity

Socio Demographic Characteristics of the Patients		Number (n)	Culture Positive	Culture Negative	Cryptococcus neoformans
Sex	Male	163	21	139	3
	Female	124	17	106	1
Age	0–28 days	64	10	54	0
	1–12 months	104	14	89	1
	13–59 months	119	14	102	3
Residence	Urban	169	25	140	4
	Rural	118	13	105	0

Figure 1 Clinical features of children with bacterial meningitis.

Table 2 Microbial Isolates of CSF Samples from Children under 5 years old Suspected for Meningitis

Isolates	Sex		Age
	Male	Female	0–28 Days	1–12 Months	12–59 Months
S. pneumoniae	8 (61.5%)	5 (38.5%)	3 (23.1%)	6 (46.2%)	4 (30.7%)
N. meningitidis	5 (83.3%)	1 (16.7%)	0 (0%)	3 (50%)	3 (50%)
Haemophilus influenzae b	3 (75%)	1 (25%)	3 (75%)	0 (0%)	1 (25%)
E. coli	3 (50%)	3 (50%)	4 (66.7%)	1 (16.7)	1 (16.7%)
S. aureas	3 (42.8%)	4 (57.1%)	5 (71.4)	1 (14.3%)	1 (14.3)
S. agalactiae	1 (33.3%)	2 (66.7%)	3 (100%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)
Cryptococcus neoformans	3 (75%)	1 (25%)	0 (0%)	1 (25%)	3 (75%)

Table 3 Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of the Bacterial Isolates in CSF Samples

Drugs		S. pneumoniae	N. meningitidis	H. influenzae	E. coli	S. aureas	S. agalactiae
Ampicillin	S	7 (53.8%)	4 (66.7%)	2 (50%)	2 (40%)	3 (42.8%)	–
	I	1 (7.7%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	2 (28.6%)	–
	R	5 (38.5%)	2 (33.3%)	2 (50%)	3 (60%)	2 (28.6%)	–
Erythromycin	S	10 (76.9%)	–	–	–	4 (57.1%)	2 (66.7%)
	I	1 (7.8%)	–	–	–	0 (0%)	0 (0%)
	R	2 (15.3%)	–	–	–	3 (42.9%)	1 (33.3%)
Tetracycline	S	7 (53.8%)	4 (66.7%)	1 (25%)	3 (60%)	4 (57.1%)	1 (33.3%)
	I	1 (7.8%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	1 (33.3%)
	R	5 (38.4%)	2 (33.3%)	3 (75%)	2 (40%)	3 (42.9%)	1 (33.3%)
Chloramphenicol	S	7 (53.8%)	5 (83.3%)	3 (75%)	2 (40%)	3 (42.9%)	2 (66.7%)
	I	1 (7.7%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)
	R	5 (38.5%)	1 (16.7%)	1 (25%)	3 (60%)	4 (57.1%)	1 (33.3%)
Ciprofloxacin	S	–	–	3 (75%)	3 (60%)	5 (71.4%)	–
	I	–	–	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	–
	R	–	–	1 (25%)	2 (40%)	2 (28.6%)	–
Trimethoprim-Sulphamethoxazole	S	9 (69.2%)	4 (66.6%)	3 (75%)	4 (80%)	5 (71.4%)	2 (66.7%)
	I	2 (15.4%)	1 (16.7%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)
	R	2 (15.4%)	1 (16.7%)	1 (25%)	1 (20%)	2 (28.6%)	1 (33.3%)
Ceftriaxone	S	11 (84.7%)	5 (83.3%)	3 (75%)	4 (80%)	–	–
	I	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	–	–
	R	2 (15.3%)	1 (16.7%)	1 (25%)	1 (20%)	–	–
Clindamycin	S	10 (76.9%)	–	–	–	5 (71.4%)	3 (100%)
	I	1 (7.8)	–	–	–	1 (14.3%)	0 (0%)
	R	2 (15.3%)	–	–	–	1 (14.3%)	0 (0%)
Rifampicin	S	9 (69.2%)	4 (66.7%)	2 (50%)	2 (40%)	2 (28.6%)	2 (66.7%)
	I	1 (7.8%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (%)	0 (0%)
	R	3 (23%)	2 (33.3%)	2 (50%)	3 (60%)	5 (71.4%)	1 (33.3%)

Notes: (–) Indicates a drug for which no antimicrobial breakpoint established.

Table 4 Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Bacterial Isolates from CSF Samples

Organisms		MDR Level of Bacterial Isolates				Total MDR Isolates (≥ R2)
	R0	R1	R2	R3	>R4	≥ R2
S. pneumonia	3	5	1	2	2	5
N. meningitidis	1	3	0	1	1	2
H. influenzae b	0	2	0	0	2	2
E. coli	1	2	0	1	1	2
S. aureas	1	2	1	1	2	4
S. agalactiae	2	1	0	0	0	1