Neonatal Sepsis and Its Associated Factors Among Neonates Admitted to Neonatal Intensive Care Units in Primary Hospitals in Central Gondar Zone, Northwest Ethiopia, 2019

Figures & data

Table 1 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Neonates Admitted to Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs) of Central Gondar Zone Primary Hospitals, Northwest Ethiopia, 2019

Variables		Frequency	Percent
Age	0–7 days	278	82.2
	8–28 days	60	17.8
Sex	Male	200	59.2
	Female	138	40.8
Place of delivery	Home	28	8.3
	Health center	98	29
	Hospital	212	62.7
Gestational age	< 37 weeks	120	35.5
	37–42 weeks	218	64.5
Birth weight	<1500 g	43	12.7
	1500–2499 g	138	40.8
	2500 −3499 g	137	40.5
	≥ 4000 g	20	5.9

Table 2 Socio-Demographic and Economic Characteristics of Mothers of Neonates Admitted to NICU in Central Gondar Zone Primary Hospitals, Northwest Ethiopia, 2019

Variables		Frequency	Percent
Residence	Urban	143	42.3
	Rural	195	57.7
Maternal age	15–19 years	46	13.6
	20–24 years	82	24.3
	25–29 years	114	33.7
	30–34 years	46	13.6
	≥ 35 years	50	14.8
Marital status	Married	322	95.3
	Unmarried	16	4.7
Maternal educational level	Unable to read and write	136	40.2
	Able to read and write	87	25.7
	Primary education	57	16.9
	Secondary education	45	13.3
	Certificate and above	13	3.8
Occupation	Housewife	256	75.7
	Government employee	45	15.3
	NGO (private)	14	4.1
	Others*	23	6.8
Monthly income	< 900 birr	97	28.7
	900–1200 birr	78	23.1
	1201–2050 birr	79	23.4
	> 2050 birr	84	24.8
Religion	Orthodox	330	97.7
	Muslim	8	2.3

Note: *Merchant, daily labourer, and house servant.

Table 3 Medical and Obstetrical Characteristics of Mothers of Neonates Admitted to NICU in Central Gondar Zone Primary Hospitals, Northwest, Ethiopia, 2019

Variables		Frequency	Percent
Parity	I	136	40.2
	II	58	17.2
	III and more	144	42.6
Antenatal care	Yes	314	92.9
	No	24	7.1
HIV test result	Positive	10	3
	Unknown	311	92
	Negative	17	5
VDRL/RPR status	Reactive	20	5.9
	Non-reactive	272	80.5
	Unknown	46	13.6
Mode of delivery	Spontaneous vaginal delivery	247	73.1
	Cesarean section	38	11.2
	Instrumental	53	15.7
Duration of labor	< 6 hours	118	34.9
	6 −12 hours	87	25.7
	12–24 hours	108	32
	˃ 24 hours	25	7.4
Frequency of PV* exam during labor	≤ 3 times	143	42.3
	>3 times	195	57.7
History of foul smelling liquor	Yes	19	5.6
	No	319	94.4
History of PROM**	Yes	101	29.9
	No	237	70.1
History of high grade fever during pregnancy	Yes	74	21.9
	No	264	78.1

Notes: *Per-vaginal, **premature rupture of membrane.

Table 4 Medical Procedures are Done for Neonates Who Were Admitted to NICU in Central Gondar Zone Primary Hospitals, Northwest Ethiopia, 2019

Variables		Frequency	Percent
Mechanical ventilation	No	338	100
Oxygen administration	Yes	61	18
	No	277	82
Endotracheal tube intubation	Yes	9	2.7
	No	329	97.3
Nasogastric tube insertion	Yes	21	6.2
	No	317	93.8
Central venous catheterization	Yes	50	14.8
	No	288	85.2

Table 5 Clinical Characteristics of Neonates Who Were Admitted to Central Gondar Zone Primary Hospitals, Northwest Ethiopia, 2019

Variables		Frequency	Percent
Birth injury	Yes	26	7.7
	No	312	92.3
Birth asphyxia	Yes	56	16.6
	No	282	83.4
Gross congenital malformation	Yes	7	2.1
	No	331	97.9
Cry at birth	Yes	271	80.2
	No	67	19.8

Figure 1 The proportion of neonatal sepsis among neonates admitted in central Gondar zone primary hospitals, Northwest Ethiopia, 2019.

Table 6 Bivariable and Multivariable Analysis of Factors Associated with Neonatal Sepsis Among Neonates Admitted at Central Gonad Zone Primary Hospitals, Northwest Ethiopia, 2019

Variables		Neonatal Sepsis N (%)		COR (95% CI)	AOR (95% CI)
		Yes	No
Residence	Urban	105 (31.1)	38 (11.2)	1	1
	Rural	114 (33.7)	81 (24)	0.51 (0.32, 0.81)	0.75 (0.34, 1.66)
Parity	I	97 (28.7)	39 (11.5)	1.49 (0.90, 2.47)	1.21 (0.41, 3.62)
	II	32 (9.7)	26 (7.7)	0.74 (0.398, 1.370)	0.58 (0.18, 1.88)
	III	90 (26.6)	54 (16)	1	1
Duration of labor	< 6 hours	82 (24.3)	36 (10.7)	1	1
	6–12 hours	41 (12.1)	46 (13.6)	0.39 (0.22, 0.69)	0.47 (0.181, 1.19)
	12 −24 hours	75 (22.2)	33 (9.8)	0.99 (0.57, 1.76)	0.66 (0.25, 1.77)
	>24 hours	21 (9.6)	4 (3.4)	2.31 (0.74, 7.19)	1.02 (0.21, 4.93)
Frequency of PV examination	≤ 3 times	84 (24.9)	59 (17.5)	1	1
	>3 times	135 (39.9)	60 (17.8)	1.58 (1.01, 2.48)	6.06 (2.45, 14.99)**
Sex of neonate	Male	139 (41.1)	61 (18)	1.65 (1.05, 2.59)	3.73 (1.76, 7.89)**
	Female	80 (23.7)	58 (17.2)	1	1
Gestational age	< 37 weeks	66 (19.5)	54 (16)	0.52 (0.32, 0.82)	0.98 (0.35, 2.78)
	37–42 weeks	153 (45.3)	65 (19.3)	1	1
History of birth asphyxia	Yes	31 (9.2)	25 (7.4)	0.62 (0.35, 1.11)	0.55 (0.18, 1.68)
	No	188 (55.6)	94 (27.8)	1	1
History of oxygen administration	Yes	45 (13.3)	16 (4.4)	1.67 (0.89, 3.09)	2.06 (0.642, 6.59)
	No	174 (51.5)	103 (30.5)	1	1
History of NG tube insertion	Yes	20 (5.9)	1 (0.3)	11.86 (1.57, 89.51)	10.36 (0.81, 132.78)
	No	199 (58.9)	118 (34.9)	1	1
History IV catheterization	Yes	42 (12.4)	8 (2.4)	3.29 (1.49, 7.27)	2.81 (0.89, 8.93)
	No	177 (52.4)	111 (32.8)	1	1
History of neonatal resuscitation	Yes	37 (10.9)	12 (3.6)	1.81 (0.91, 3.63)	6.11 (1.71, 21.84) *
	No	182 (53.8)	107 (31.7)	1	1
Training of Health workers	Yes	112 (33.1)	39 (11.5)	1	1
	No	107 (31.7)	80 (23.7)	2.17 (1.35, 3.42)	2.14 (1.04, 4.44)*
Marital status	Married	204 (60.4)	118 (34.9)	1	1
	Not married	15 (4.4)	1 (0.3)	8.68 (1.13, 66.52)	0.14 (0.01, 1.42)
Maternal age category	15 −19 yrs.	36 (10.7)	10 (3)	1.14 (0.44, 2.95)	0 0.97 (0.16, 5.95)
	20 −24 yrs.	51 (15.1)	31 (9.2)	0.52 (0.24, 1.14)	0.32 (0.07, 1.57)
	25–29 yrs.	76 (25.5)	38 (11.2)	0.63 (0.29, 1.35)	0.63 (0.18, 2.29)
	30 −34 yrs.	18 (5.3)	28 (8.3)	0.20 (0.08, 0.49)	0.19 (0.05, 0.81)*
	≥ 35 yrs.	38 (11.20)	12 (3.6)	1	1
VDRL test result	Reactive	17 (5)	3 (0.9)	2.62 (0.75, 9.18)	1.33 (0.18, 10.13)
	Unknown	16 (4.7)	30 (8.9)	0.25 (0.13, 0. 48)	0.31 (0.11, 0.92)
	Non-reactive	186 (55)	86 (25.4)	1	1
History of UTIs	Yes	10 (3)	5 (1.5)	1.01 (0.34, 3.03)	6.26 (1.16, 33.62) *
	Unknown	5 (1.5)	11 (3.3)	0.23 (0.08, 0.68)	0.06 (0.01, 0.31)**
	Negative	204 (60.4)	103 (30.5)	1	1
Birth weight	<1500 g	24 (7.1)	19 (5.6)	0.57 (0.29, 1.14)	0.76 (0.18, 3.19)
	1500–2499 g	87 (25.7)	51 (15.1)	0.77 (0.45, 1.26)	1.11 (0.40, 3.03)
	≥ 2500 g	108 (32)	49 (14.5)	1	1
Foul-smelling vaginal discharge	Yes	9 (2.7)	10 (3)	0.47 (0.18, 1.18)	0.24 (0.05, 1.08)
	No	210 (62.1)	109 (32.2)	1	1
Neonatal age in days	≤ 7 days	163 (48.2)	115 (34)	0.10 (0.04, 0.29)	0
	>7 days	56 (16.60)	4 (1.2)	1	0.05 (0.01, 0.21)**1
History of PROM	Yes	73 (21.6)	28 (8.3)	1.62 (0.98, 2.70)	1.82 (0.706, 4.69)
	No	146 (43.2)	91 (26.9)	1	1
Place of delivery	Home	14 (4.1)	14 (4.1)	0.57 (0.26, 1.26)	4.06 (0.69, 23.86)
	Health center	70 (20.7)	28 (8.3)	1.43 (0.85, 2.39)	3.05 (1.19, 7.79) *
	Hospital	135 (39.9)	77 (22.8)	1	1

Notes: *Significant at < 0.05 α-values, **Significant at < 0.01 α-value.